From patchwork Tue Dec 17 22:42:20 2019 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Wonkap Jang X-Patchwork-Id: 16862 Return-Path: X-Original-To: patchwork@ffaux-bg.ffmpeg.org Delivered-To: patchwork@ffaux-bg.ffmpeg.org Received: from ffbox0-bg.mplayerhq.hu (ffbox0-bg.ffmpeg.org [79.124.17.100]) by ffaux.localdomain (Postfix) with ESMTP id DEAD9449979 for ; Wed, 18 Dec 2019 01:12:09 +0200 (EET) Received: from [127.0.1.1] (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by ffbox0-bg.mplayerhq.hu (Postfix) with ESMTP id B667268A03F; Wed, 18 Dec 2019 01:12:09 +0200 (EET) X-Original-To: ffmpeg-devel@ffmpeg.org Delivered-To: ffmpeg-devel@ffmpeg.org Received: from mail-qt1-f202.google.com (mail-qt1-f202.google.com [209.85.160.202]) by ffbox0-bg.mplayerhq.hu (Postfix) with ESMTPS id CD1FF689992 for ; Wed, 18 Dec 2019 01:12:02 +0200 (EET) Received: by mail-qt1-f202.google.com with SMTP id t4so262141qtd.3 for ; Tue, 17 Dec 2019 15:12:02 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=google.com; s=20161025; h=date:message-id:mime-version:subject:from:to; bh=I3ghbn3XV+X7YURDDeT55vfG+5R1tuR2GoB/xEpINbg=; b=suSGQp4TaMD7oxlBACkPEnlmfDwYZ1ZYQH5+baNy+JZwwCDmzpwThU5axwsHe8SI4i lTltTFCutbm4nMWRtDDmynCMMIG0F5gAbVsD2BRBim5yA+VmD0YZzosSAv5eXUZNrRNY MA/Jk6toxEMFHkwK8Wuao+UbVZaRWlM0Q3VoBdlDuhuXHMllmgnqX8BlGXDQOpW/rsK7 i8Ls+nF11FyprA3UBEXu8NhmTr+VFl/zNDtTFWhZlC75qH0kdQtn55CBU9IAn2RSweFA 9zk2Qope5H73+7Q7Rq18pMB0JJWgCHoZ1vnq++Qpe2QG+3doP8Bk/6rfYrdv0Y4KKy9L BoWw== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20161025; h=x-gm-message-state:date:message-id:mime-version:subject:from:to; bh=I3ghbn3XV+X7YURDDeT55vfG+5R1tuR2GoB/xEpINbg=; b=U0MjoiADGGWGcu9ZyPLkLjc1xKFFbUn4h5SNrbNOb9QmH2J1l3bmdsU9uk1HnOH39M vD5prwJTgIwSxV3eyFmS3TWz8/3Al5bMBOfJWIx5LXGmqvJjw6ow48NomoYMTOpLGDgb AkGVolRsT7DlC2Frbg9oXViW6S7X8ORDYv65vCToGLo+TIu8S/4bHoe+k9JUqalvkM40 yj0HpxxIATdfERdn6fI7hFXUBptSBzK2ts9L7FwttzfEFzxDfAsWdXHTwGU0W4//dwPB WQeg9CuxpUvWagzTkqvw4oGov4/CzUMuqkItNugJ4XN3imyTyoFYDWrkPZkLkAnKcyRJ JaFw== X-Gm-Message-State: APjAAAULMuYJzCQNhgEP3ycRzAVb9xVSMjw6TgvrvYd4/BVlKmnpxsIT Rsb9eLjY4Uj0nGWyhYFcYbhlNNTxllJuqpaMecoOb0Kw5+fVZszcq3rwD+t/Z6BfQXy3l5neAI8 qUozg9QEdf3mWCrnM0z+3g6GlQ9SyFBRzoBCNlxCrn9QddIpxTRzph84hiJ7eaBY= X-Google-Smtp-Source: APXvYqz5Z8S/ZYdt+34HIM9ArcGCBp3oiTD86QJhBz/h9VMidmGw5L4gaiBjE7XPGDT5Z+HHSvU0o3xYfoY= X-Received: by 2002:a37:4dc1:: with SMTP id a184mr440640qkb.62.1576622543365; Tue, 17 Dec 2019 14:42:23 -0800 (PST) Date: Tue, 17 Dec 2019 14:42:20 -0800 Message-Id: <20191217224221.47324-1-wonkap@google.com> Mime-Version: 1.0 X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.24.1.735.g03f4e72817-goog From: Wonkap Jang To: ffmpeg-devel@ffmpeg.org Subject: [FFmpeg-devel] [PATCH v2 1/2] avcodec/libvpxenc: add VP9 temporal scalability encoding option X-BeenThere: ffmpeg-devel@ffmpeg.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.20 Precedence: list List-Id: FFmpeg development discussions and patches List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Reply-To: FFmpeg development discussions and patches Errors-To: ffmpeg-devel-bounces@ffmpeg.org Sender: "ffmpeg-devel" This commit reuses the configuration options for VP8 that enables temporal scalability for VP9. It also adds a way to enable three preset temporal structures (refer to the documentation for more detail) that can be used in offline encoding. --- libavcodec/libvpxenc.c | 237 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 219 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/libavcodec/libvpxenc.c b/libavcodec/libvpxenc.c index 721a052641..7612551a56 100644 --- a/libavcodec/libvpxenc.c +++ b/libavcodec/libvpxenc.c @@ -100,7 +100,9 @@ typedef struct VPxEncoderContext { int rc_undershoot_pct; int rc_overshoot_pct; - char *vp8_ts_parameters; + char *vpx_ts_parameters; + int *ts_layer_flags; + int current_temporal_idx; // VP9-only int lossless; @@ -137,6 +139,7 @@ static const char *const ctlidstr[] = { [VP8E_SET_CQ_LEVEL] = "VP8E_SET_CQ_LEVEL", [VP8E_SET_MAX_INTRA_BITRATE_PCT] = "VP8E_SET_MAX_INTRA_BITRATE_PCT", [VP8E_SET_SHARPNESS] = "VP8E_SET_SHARPNESS", + [VP8E_SET_TEMPORAL_LAYER_ID] = "VP8E_SET_TEMPORAL_LAYER_ID", #if CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP9_ENCODER [VP9E_SET_LOSSLESS] = "VP9E_SET_LOSSLESS", [VP9E_SET_TILE_COLUMNS] = "VP9E_SET_TILE_COLUMNS", @@ -144,6 +147,9 @@ static const char *const ctlidstr[] = { [VP9E_SET_FRAME_PARALLEL_DECODING] = "VP9E_SET_FRAME_PARALLEL_DECODING", [VP9E_SET_AQ_MODE] = "VP9E_SET_AQ_MODE", [VP9E_SET_COLOR_SPACE] = "VP9E_SET_COLOR_SPACE", + [VP9E_SET_SVC_LAYER_ID] = "VP9E_SET_SVC_LAYER_ID", + [VP9E_SET_SVC_PARAMETERS] = "VP9E_SET_SVC_PARAMETERS", + [VP9E_SET_SVC] = "VP9E_SET_SVC", #if VPX_ENCODER_ABI_VERSION >= 11 [VP9E_SET_COLOR_RANGE] = "VP9E_SET_COLOR_RANGE", #endif @@ -223,8 +229,16 @@ static av_cold void dump_enc_cfg(AVCodecContext *avctx, " %*s%u\n", width, "ts_number_layers:", cfg->ts_number_layers); av_log(avctx, level, "\n %*s", width, "ts_target_bitrate:"); - for (i = 0; i < VPX_TS_MAX_LAYERS; i++) - av_log(avctx, level, "%u ", cfg->ts_target_bitrate[i]); + if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_VP8) { + for (i = 0; i < VPX_TS_MAX_LAYERS; i++) + av_log(avctx, level, "%u ", cfg->ts_target_bitrate[i]); + } +#if CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP9_ENCODER + if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_VP9) { + for (i = 0; i < VPX_TS_MAX_LAYERS; i++) + av_log(avctx, level, "%u ", cfg->layer_target_bitrate[i]); + } +#endif av_log(avctx, level, "\n"); av_log(avctx, level, "\n %*s", width, "ts_rate_decimator:"); @@ -346,6 +360,8 @@ static av_cold int vpx_free(AVCodecContext *avctx) } #endif + av_freep(&ctx->ts_layer_flags); + vpx_codec_destroy(&ctx->encoder); if (ctx->is_alpha) { vpx_codec_destroy(&ctx->encoder_alpha); @@ -370,23 +386,154 @@ static void vp8_ts_parse_int_array(int *dest, char *value, size_t value_len, int } } -static int vp8_ts_param_parse(struct vpx_codec_enc_cfg *enccfg, char *key, char *value) +static void set_temporal_layer_pattern(int layering_mode, + vpx_codec_enc_cfg_t *cfg, + int *layer_flags, + int *flag_periodicity) +{ + switch (layering_mode) { + case 2: { + /** + * 2-layers, 2-frame period. + */ + int ids[2] = { 0, 1 }; + cfg->ts_periodicity = 2; + *flag_periodicity = 2; + cfg->ts_number_layers = 2; + cfg->ts_rate_decimator[0] = 2; + cfg->ts_rate_decimator[1] = 1; + memcpy(cfg->ts_layer_id, ids, sizeof(ids)); + + layer_flags[0] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF; + + layer_flags[1] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_GF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_LAST | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_GF; + break; + } + case 3: { + /** + * 3-layers structure with one reference frame. + * This works same as temporal_layering_mode 3. + * + * 3-layers, 4-frame period. + */ + int ids[4] = { 0, 2, 1, 2 }; + cfg->ts_periodicity = 4; + *flag_periodicity = 4; + cfg->ts_number_layers = 3; + cfg->ts_rate_decimator[0] = 4; + cfg->ts_rate_decimator[1] = 2; + cfg->ts_rate_decimator[2] = 1; + memcpy(cfg->ts_layer_id, ids, sizeof(ids)); + + /** + * 0=L, 1=GF, 2=ARF, + * Intra-layer prediction disabled. + */ + layer_flags[0] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF; + layer_flags[2] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_LAST; + layer_flags[1] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_LAST | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_GF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF; + layer_flags[3] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_LAST | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_LAST | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_GF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF; + break; + } + case 4: { + /** + * 3-layers structure. + * added dependency between the two TL2 frames (on top of case 3). + * 3-layers, 4-frame period. + */ + int ids[4] = { 0, 2, 1, 2 }; + cfg->ts_periodicity = 4; + *flag_periodicity = 4; + cfg->ts_number_layers = 3; + cfg->ts_rate_decimator[0] = 4; + cfg->ts_rate_decimator[1] = 2; + cfg->ts_rate_decimator[2] = 1; + memcpy(cfg->ts_layer_id, ids, sizeof(ids)); + + /** + * 0=L, 1=GF, 2=ARF, Intra-layer prediction disabled. + */ + layer_flags[0] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF; + layer_flags[2] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_LAST; + layer_flags[1] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_GF | VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_ARF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_LAST | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_GF; + layer_flags[3] = + VP8_EFLAG_NO_REF_LAST | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_LAST | VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_GF | + VP8_EFLAG_NO_UPD_ARF; + break; + } + default: + /** + * do not change the layer_flags or the flag_periodicity in this case; + * it might be that the code is using external flags to be used. + */ + break; + + } +} + +static int vpx_ts_param_parse(VPxContext *ctx, + struct vpx_codec_enc_cfg *enccfg, + char *key, char *value, + const enum AVCodecID codec_id) { size_t value_len = strlen(value); + int ts_layering_mode = 0; if (!value_len) return -1; if (!strcmp(key, "ts_number_layers")) enccfg->ts_number_layers = strtoul(value, &value, 10); - else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_target_bitrate")) - vp8_ts_parse_int_array(enccfg->ts_target_bitrate, value, value_len, VPX_TS_MAX_LAYERS); - else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_rate_decimator")) - vp8_ts_parse_int_array(enccfg->ts_rate_decimator, value, value_len, VPX_TS_MAX_LAYERS); - else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_periodicity")) + else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_target_bitrate")) { + if (codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_VP8) + vp8_ts_parse_int_array(enccfg->ts_target_bitrate, value, value_len, VPX_TS_MAX_LAYERS); +#if CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP9_ENCODER + if (codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_VP9) + vp8_ts_parse_int_array(enccfg->layer_target_bitrate, value, value_len, VPX_TS_MAX_LAYERS); +#endif + } else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_rate_decimator")) { + vp8_ts_parse_int_array(enccfg->ts_rate_decimator, value, value_len, VPX_TS_MAX_LAYERS); + } else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_periodicity")) { enccfg->ts_periodicity = strtoul(value, &value, 10); - else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_layer_id")) + } else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_layer_id")) { vp8_ts_parse_int_array(enccfg->ts_layer_id, value, value_len, VPX_TS_MAX_PERIODICITY); + } else if (!strcmp(key, "ts_layering_mode")) { + /* option for pre-defined temporal structures in function set_temporal_layer_pattern. */ + ts_layering_mode = strtoul(value, &value, 4); + } + +#if CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP9_ENCODER + enccfg->temporal_layering_mode = 1; // only bypass mode is being supported for now. + enccfg->ss_number_layers = 1; // making sure the spatial scalability is off. Will support this in future. +#endif + if (ts_layering_mode) { + // make sure the ts_layering_mode comes at the end of the ts_parameter string to ensure that + // correct configuration is done. + ctx->ts_layer_flags = av_malloc(sizeof(int) * VPX_TS_MAX_PERIODICITY); + set_temporal_layer_pattern(ts_layering_mode, enccfg, ctx->ts_layer_flags, &enccfg->ts_periodicity); + } return 0; } @@ -590,6 +737,7 @@ static av_cold int vpx_init(AVCodecContext *avctx, vpx_img_fmt_t img_fmt = VPX_IMG_FMT_I420; #if CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP9_ENCODER vpx_codec_caps_t codec_caps = vpx_codec_get_caps(iface); + vpx_svc_extra_cfg_t svc_params; #endif av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_INFO, "%s\n", vpx_codec_version_str()); @@ -611,8 +759,8 @@ static av_cold int vpx_init(AVCodecContext *avctx, } #endif - if(!avctx->bit_rate) - if(avctx->rc_max_rate || avctx->rc_buffer_size || avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy) { + if (!avctx->bit_rate) + if (avctx->rc_max_rate || avctx->rc_buffer_size || avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy) { av_log( avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Rate control parameters set without a bitrate\n"); return AVERROR(EINVAL); } @@ -648,6 +796,9 @@ static av_cold int vpx_init(AVCodecContext *avctx, if (avctx->bit_rate) { enccfg.rc_target_bitrate = av_rescale_rnd(avctx->bit_rate, 1, 1000, AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF); +#if CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP9_ENCODER + enccfg.ss_target_bitrate[0] = enccfg.rc_target_bitrate; +#endif } else { // Set bitrate to default value. Also sets CRF to default if needed. set_vpx_defaults(avctx, &enccfg); @@ -757,13 +908,13 @@ FF_ENABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS enccfg.g_error_resilient = ctx->error_resilient || ctx->flags & VP8F_ERROR_RESILIENT; - if (CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP8_ENCODER && avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_VP8 && ctx->vp8_ts_parameters) { + if (ctx->vpx_ts_parameters) { AVDictionary *dict = NULL; AVDictionaryEntry* en = NULL; - if (!av_dict_parse_string(&dict, ctx->vp8_ts_parameters, "=", ":", 0)) { + if (!av_dict_parse_string(&dict, ctx->vpx_ts_parameters, "=", ":", 0)) { while ((en = av_dict_get(dict, "", en, AV_DICT_IGNORE_SUFFIX))) { - if (vp8_ts_param_parse(&enccfg, en->key, en->value) < 0) + if (vpx_ts_param_parse(ctx, &enccfg, en->key, en->value, avctx->codec_id) < 0) av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Error parsing option '%s = %s'.\n", en->key, en->value); @@ -780,7 +931,21 @@ FF_ENABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS log_encoder_error(avctx, "Failed to initialize encoder"); return AVERROR(EINVAL); } - +#if CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP9_ENCODER + if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_VP9 && enccfg.ts_number_layers > 1) { + memset(&svc_params, 0, sizeof(svc_params)); + for (int i = 0; i < enccfg.ts_number_layers; ++i) { + svc_params.max_quantizers[i] = enccfg.rc_max_quantizer; + svc_params.min_quantizers[i] = enccfg.rc_min_quantizer; + } + svc_params.scaling_factor_num[0] = enccfg.g_h; + svc_params.scaling_factor_den[0] = enccfg.g_h; +#if VPX_ENCODER_ABI_VERSION >= 12 + codecctl_int(avctx, VP9E_SET_SVC, 1); + codecctl_intp(avctx, VP9E_SET_SVC_PARAMETERS, (int *) &svc_params); +#endif + } +#endif if (ctx->is_alpha) { enccfg_alpha = enccfg; res = vpx_codec_enc_init(&ctx->encoder_alpha, iface, &enccfg_alpha, flags); @@ -1328,6 +1493,9 @@ static int vpx_encode(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt, int64_t timestamp = 0; int res, coded_size; vpx_enc_frame_flags_t flags = 0; + const struct vpx_codec_enc_cfg *enccfg = ctx->encoder.config.enc; + vpx_svc_layer_id_t layer_id; + int layer_id_valid = 0; if (frame) { const AVFrameSideData *sd = av_frame_get_side_data(frame, AV_FRAME_DATA_REGIONS_OF_INTEREST); @@ -1375,6 +1543,38 @@ static int vpx_encode(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt, } } + // this is for encoding with preset temporal layering patterns defined in + // set_temporal_layer_pattern function. + if (enccfg->ts_number_layers > 1 && ctx->ts_layer_flags) { + if (flags & VPX_EFLAG_FORCE_KF) { + // keyframe, reset temporal layering. + ctx->current_temporal_idx = 0; + flags = VPX_EFLAG_FORCE_KF; + } else { + flags = 0; + } + + /* get the flags from the temporal layer configuration. */ + flags |= ctx->ts_layer_flags[ctx->current_temporal_idx]; + + memset(&layer_id, 0, sizeof(vpx_svc_layer_id_t)); + layer_id.spatial_layer_id = 0; + layer_id.temporal_layer_id = enccfg->ts_layer_id[ctx->current_temporal_idx]; + layer_id.temporal_layer_id_per_spatial[0] = layer_id.temporal_layer_id; + layer_id_valid = 1; + } + + if (layer_id_valid) { + if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_VP8) { + codecctl_int(avctx, VP8E_SET_TEMPORAL_LAYER_ID, layer_id.temporal_layer_id); + } +#if CONFIG_LIBVPX_VP9_ENCODER + else if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_VP9) { + codecctl_intp(avctx, VP9E_SET_SVC_LAYER_ID, (int *) &layer_id); + } +#endif + } + res = vpx_codec_encode(&ctx->encoder, rawimg, timestamp, avctx->ticks_per_frame, flags, ctx->deadline); if (res != VPX_CODEC_OK) { @@ -1404,6 +1604,8 @@ static int vpx_encode(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt, } av_base64_encode(avctx->stats_out, b64_size, ctx->twopass_stats.buf, ctx->twopass_stats.sz); + } else if (enccfg->ts_number_layers > 1 && ctx->ts_layer_flags) { + ctx->current_temporal_idx = (ctx->current_temporal_idx + 1) % enccfg->ts_periodicity; } *got_packet = !!coded_size; @@ -1442,6 +1644,7 @@ static int vpx_encode(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt, { "noise-sensitivity", "Noise sensitivity", OFFSET(noise_sensitivity), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = 0 }, 0, 4, VE}, \ { "undershoot-pct", "Datarate undershoot (min) target (%)", OFFSET(rc_undershoot_pct), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = -1 }, -1, 100, VE }, \ { "overshoot-pct", "Datarate overshoot (max) target (%)", OFFSET(rc_overshoot_pct), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = -1 }, -1, 1000, VE }, \ + { "ts-parameters", "Temporal scaling configuration using a :-separated list of key=value parameters", OFFSET(vpx_ts_parameters), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, {.str=NULL}, 0, 0, VE}, \ #define LEGACY_OPTIONS \ {"speed", "", offsetof(VPxContext, cpu_used), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = 1}, -16, 16, VE}, \ @@ -1461,8 +1664,6 @@ static const AVOption vp8_options[] = { { "auto-alt-ref", "Enable use of alternate reference " "frames (2-pass only)", OFFSET(auto_alt_ref), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = -1}, -1, 2, VE}, { "cpu-used", "Quality/Speed ratio modifier", OFFSET(cpu_used), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, {.i64 = 1}, -16, 16, VE}, - { "ts-parameters", "Temporal scaling configuration using a " - ":-separated list of key=value parameters", OFFSET(vp8_ts_parameters), AV_OPT_TYPE_STRING, {.str=NULL}, 0, 0, VE}, LEGACY_OPTIONS { NULL } };