diff --git a/Changelog b/Changelog
index 3876082844..7ae9b85d52 100644
--- a/Changelog
+++ b/Changelog
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ version <next>:
 - Raw VVC bitstream parser, muxer and demuxer
 - Bitstream filter for editing metadata in VVC streams
 - Bitstream filter for converting VVC from MP4 to Annex B
+- VAAPI AV1 encoder
 
 version 6.0:
 - Radiance HDR image support
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index b018abf139..fbc729b5c6 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -3323,6 +3323,8 @@ av1_qsv_decoder_select="qsvdec"
 av1_qsv_encoder_select="qsvenc"
 av1_qsv_encoder_deps="libvpl"
 av1_amf_encoder_deps="amf"
+av1_vaapi_encoder_deps="VAEncPictureParameterBufferAV1"
+av1_vaapi_encoder_select="cbs_av1 vaapi_encode"
 
 # parsers
 aac_parser_select="adts_header mpeg4audio"
@@ -7104,6 +7106,7 @@ if enabled vaapi; then
     check_type "va/va.h va/va_enc_jpeg.h" "VAEncPictureParameterBufferJPEG"
     check_type "va/va.h va/va_enc_vp8.h"  "VAEncPictureParameterBufferVP8"
     check_type "va/va.h va/va_enc_vp9.h"  "VAEncPictureParameterBufferVP9"
+    check_type "va/va.h va/va_enc_av1.h"  "VAEncPictureParameterBufferAV1"
 fi
 
 if enabled_all opencl libdrm ; then
diff --git a/doc/encoders.texi b/doc/encoders.texi
index 25d6b7f09e..fb331ebd8e 100644
--- a/doc/encoders.texi
+++ b/doc/encoders.texi
@@ -3991,6 +3991,19 @@ Average variable bitrate.
 Each encoder also has its own specific options:
 @table @option
 
+@item av1_vaapi
+@option{profile} sets the value of @emph{seq_profile}.
+@option{tier} sets the value of @emph{seq_tier}.
+@option{level} sets the value of @emph{seq_level_idx}.
+
+@table @option
+@item tiles
+Set the number of tiles to encode the input video with, as columns x rows.
+(default is 1x1).
+@item tile_groups
+Set tile groups number (default is 1).
+@end table
+
 @item h264_vaapi
 @option{profile} sets the value of @emph{profile_idc} and the @emph{constraint_set*_flag}s.
 @option{level} sets the value of @emph{level_idc}.
diff --git a/libavcodec/Makefile b/libavcodec/Makefile
index 3cd5997e64..fe1e6aa99d 100644
--- a/libavcodec/Makefile
+++ b/libavcodec/Makefile
@@ -259,6 +259,7 @@ OBJS-$(CONFIG_AV1_MEDIACODEC_DECODER)  += mediacodecdec.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_AV1_MEDIACODEC_ENCODER)  += mediacodecenc.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_AV1_NVENC_ENCODER)       += nvenc_av1.o nvenc.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_AV1_QSV_ENCODER)         += qsvenc_av1.o
+OBJS-$(CONFIG_AV1_VAAPI_ENCODER)       += vaapi_encode_av1.o av1_profile_level.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_AVRN_DECODER)            += avrndec.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_AVRP_DECODER)            += r210dec.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_AVRP_ENCODER)            += r210enc.o
diff --git a/libavcodec/allcodecs.c b/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
index 8775d15a4f..c43c1d7b48 100644
--- a/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
+++ b/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
@@ -844,6 +844,7 @@ extern const FFCodec ff_av1_nvenc_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_av1_qsv_decoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_av1_qsv_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_av1_amf_encoder;
+extern const FFCodec ff_av1_vaapi_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_libopenh264_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_libopenh264_decoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_h264_amf_encoder;
diff --git a/libavcodec/vaapi_encode.c b/libavcodec/vaapi_encode.c
index 2604f12b9e..2907e159fb 100644
--- a/libavcodec/vaapi_encode.c
+++ b/libavcodec/vaapi_encode.c
@@ -669,6 +669,15 @@ static int vaapi_encode_set_output_timestamp(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 {
     VAAPIEncodeContext *ctx = avctx->priv_data;
 
+    // AV1 packs P frame and next B frame into one pkt, and uses the other
+    // repeat frame header pkt at the display order position of the P frame
+    // to indicate its frame index. Each frame has a corresponding pkt in its
+    // display order position. So don't need to consider delay for AV1 timestamp.
+    if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_AV1) {
+        pkt->dts = pkt->pts - ctx->dts_pts_diff;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     if (ctx->output_delay == 0) {
         pkt->dts = pkt->pts;
     } else if (pic->encode_order < ctx->decode_delay) {
@@ -689,9 +698,10 @@ static int vaapi_encode_output(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 {
     VAAPIEncodeContext *ctx = avctx->priv_data;
     VACodedBufferSegment *buf_list, *buf;
-    VAStatus vas;
+    AVPacket *pkt_ptr = pkt;
     int total_size = 0;
     uint8_t *ptr;
+    VAStatus vas;
     int err;
 
     err = vaapi_encode_wait(avctx, pic);
@@ -711,11 +721,52 @@ static int vaapi_encode_output(AVCodecContext *avctx,
     for (buf = buf_list; buf; buf = buf->next)
         total_size += buf->size;
 
-    err = ff_get_encode_buffer(avctx, pkt, total_size, 0);
-    ptr = pkt->data;
+    /** repack av1 coded frame for not display and repeat frames */
+    if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_AV1) {
+        int display_frame = pic->display_order <= pic->encode_order;
 
-    if (err < 0)
-        goto fail_mapped;
+        if (display_frame) {
+            total_size += ctx->header_data_size;
+            err = ff_get_encode_buffer(avctx, pkt, total_size, 0);
+            if (err < 0)
+                goto fail_mapped;
+            ptr = pkt->data;
+
+            if (ctx->header_data_size) {
+                memcpy(ptr, ctx->header_data, ctx->header_data_size);
+                ptr += ctx->header_data_size;
+                ctx->header_data_size = 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            ctx->header_data = av_realloc(ctx->header_data, total_size);
+            if (!ctx->header_data) {
+                err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+                goto fail_mapped;
+            }
+            ptr = ctx->header_data;
+            ctx->header_data_size = total_size;
+
+            if (pic->tail_size) {
+                if (ctx->tail_pkt->size) {
+                    err = AVERROR(AVERROR_BUG);
+                    goto fail_mapped;
+                }
+
+                err = ff_get_encode_buffer(avctx, ctx->tail_pkt, pic->tail_size, 0);
+                if (err < 0)
+                    goto fail_mapped;
+
+                memcpy(ctx->tail_pkt->data, pic->tail_data, pic->tail_size);
+                pkt_ptr = ctx->tail_pkt;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        err = ff_get_encode_buffer(avctx, pkt, total_size, 0);
+        ptr = pkt->data;
+
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail_mapped;
+    }
 
     for (buf = buf_list; buf; buf = buf->next) {
         av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Output buffer: %u bytes "
@@ -726,10 +777,10 @@ static int vaapi_encode_output(AVCodecContext *avctx,
     }
 
     if (pic->type == PICTURE_TYPE_IDR)
-        pkt->flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
+        pkt_ptr->flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
 
-    pkt->pts = pic->pts;
-    pkt->duration = pic->duration;
+    pkt_ptr->pts = pic->pts;
+    pkt_ptr->duration = pic->duration;
 
     vas = vaUnmapBuffer(ctx->hwctx->display, pic->output_buffer);
     if (vas != VA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
@@ -742,8 +793,8 @@ static int vaapi_encode_output(AVCodecContext *avctx,
     // for no-delay encoders this is handled in generic codec
     if (avctx->codec->capabilities & AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY &&
         avctx->flags & AV_CODEC_FLAG_COPY_OPAQUE) {
-        pkt->opaque     = pic->opaque;
-        pkt->opaque_ref = pic->opaque_ref;
+        pkt_ptr->opaque     = pic->opaque;
+        pkt_ptr->opaque_ref = pic->opaque_ref;
         pic->opaque_ref = NULL;
     }
 
@@ -752,6 +803,9 @@ static int vaapi_encode_output(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 
     av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Output read for pic %"PRId64"/%"PRId64".\n",
            pic->display_order, pic->encode_order);
+
+    vaapi_encode_set_output_timestamp(avctx, pic, pkt_ptr);
+
     return 0;
 
 fail_mapped:
@@ -1128,9 +1182,19 @@ static int vaapi_encode_pick_next(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 
     vaapi_encode_add_ref(avctx, pic, pic, 0, 1, 0);
     if (pic->type != PICTURE_TYPE_IDR) {
-        vaapi_encode_add_ref(avctx, pic, start,
-                             pic->type == PICTURE_TYPE_P,
-                             b_counter > 0, 0);
+        // TODO: apply both previous and forward multi reference for all vaapi encoders.
+        // And L0/L1 reference frame number can be set dynamically through query
+        // VAConfigAttribEncMaxRefFrames attribute.
+        if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_AV1) {
+            for (i = 0; i < ctx->nb_next_prev; i++)
+                vaapi_encode_add_ref(avctx, pic, ctx->next_prev[i],
+                                     pic->type == PICTURE_TYPE_P,
+                                     b_counter > 0, 0);
+        } else
+            vaapi_encode_add_ref(avctx, pic, start,
+                                 pic->type == PICTURE_TYPE_P,
+                                 b_counter > 0, 0);
+
         vaapi_encode_add_ref(avctx, pic, ctx->next_prev[ctx->nb_next_prev - 1], 0, 0, 1);
     }
 
@@ -1292,6 +1356,19 @@ int ff_vaapi_encode_receive_packet(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt)
     AVFrame *frame = ctx->frame;
     int err;
 
+start:
+    /** if no B frame before repeat P frame, sent repeat P frame out. */
+    if (avctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_AV1 && ctx->tail_pkt->size) {
+        for (VAAPIEncodePicture *tmp = ctx->pic_start; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
+            if (tmp->type == PICTURE_TYPE_B && tmp->pts < ctx->tail_pkt->pts)
+                break;
+            else if (!tmp->next) {
+                av_packet_move_ref(pkt, ctx->tail_pkt);
+                goto end;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     err = ff_encode_get_frame(avctx, frame);
     if (err < 0 && err != AVERROR_EOF)
         return err;
@@ -1356,17 +1433,21 @@ int ff_vaapi_encode_receive_packet(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt)
         return err;
     }
 
-    vaapi_encode_set_output_timestamp(avctx, pic, pkt);
-    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Output packet: pts %"PRId64", dts %"PRId64", "
-           "size %u bytes.\n", pkt->pts, pkt->dts, pkt->size);
-
     ctx->output_order = pic->encode_order;
     vaapi_encode_clear_old(avctx);
 
+    /** loop to get an available pkt in encoder flushing. */
+    if (ctx->end_of_stream && !pkt->size)
+        goto start;
+
+end:
+    if (pkt->size)
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Output packet: pts %"PRId64", dts %"PRId64", "
+               "size %u bytes.\n", pkt->pts, pkt->dts, pkt->size);
+
     return 0;
 }
 
-
 static av_cold void vaapi_encode_add_global_param(AVCodecContext *avctx, int type,
                                                   void *buffer, size_t size)
 {
@@ -2667,6 +2748,12 @@ av_cold int ff_vaapi_encode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
     ctx->device = (AVHWDeviceContext*)ctx->device_ref->data;
     ctx->hwctx = ctx->device->hwctx;
 
+    ctx->tail_pkt = av_packet_alloc();
+    if (!ctx->tail_pkt) {
+        err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
     err = vaapi_encode_profile_entrypoint(avctx);
     if (err < 0)
         goto fail;
@@ -2859,9 +2946,11 @@ av_cold int ff_vaapi_encode_close(AVCodecContext *avctx)
     }
 
     av_frame_free(&ctx->frame);
+    av_packet_free(&ctx->tail_pkt);
 
     av_freep(&ctx->codec_sequence_params);
     av_freep(&ctx->codec_picture_params);
+    av_freep(&ctx->header_data);
     av_fifo_freep2(&ctx->encode_fifo);
 
     av_buffer_unref(&ctx->recon_frames_ref);
diff --git a/libavcodec/vaapi_encode.h b/libavcodec/vaapi_encode.h
index d5452a37b3..03df8d6d46 100644
--- a/libavcodec/vaapi_encode.h
+++ b/libavcodec/vaapi_encode.h
@@ -133,6 +133,11 @@ typedef struct VAAPIEncodePicture {
 
     int          nb_slices;
     VAAPIEncodeSlice *slices;
+
+    /** Tail data of current pic, used only for repeat header of AV1. */
+    char tail_data[MAX_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE];
+    /** Byte length of tail_data. */
+    size_t tail_size;
 } VAAPIEncodePicture;
 
 typedef struct VAAPIEncodeProfile {
@@ -367,6 +372,13 @@ typedef struct VAAPIEncodeContext {
     AVFifo          *encode_fifo;
     // Max number of frame buffered in encoder.
     int             async_depth;
+
+    /** Head data for current output pkt, used only for AV1. */
+    void  *header_data;
+    size_t header_data_size;
+
+    /** Store av1 repeat frame header pkt. */
+    AVPacket *tail_pkt;
 } VAAPIEncodeContext;
 
 enum {
diff --git a/libavcodec/vaapi_encode_av1.c b/libavcodec/vaapi_encode_av1.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..778c5b35c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libavcodec/vaapi_encode_av1.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1229 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2023 Intel Corporation
+ *
+ * This file is part of FFmpeg.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+ */
+
+#include <va/va.h>
+#include <va/va_enc_av1.h>
+
+#include "libavutil/pixdesc.h"
+#include "libavutil/opt.h"
+
+#include "cbs_av1.h"
+#include "put_bits.h"
+#include "codec_internal.h"
+#include "av1_profile_level.h"
+#include "vaapi_encode.h"
+
+#define AV1_MAX_QUANT 255
+
+typedef struct VAAPIEncodeAV1Picture {
+    int64_t last_idr_frame;
+    int slot;
+} VAAPIEncodeAV1Picture;
+
+typedef struct VAAPIEncodeAV1Context {
+    VAAPIEncodeContext common;
+    AV1RawOBU sh; /**< sequence header.*/
+    AV1RawOBU fh; /**< frame header.*/
+    CodedBitstreamContext *cbc;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment current_obu;
+    VAConfigAttribValEncAV1 attr;
+    VAConfigAttribValEncAV1Ext1 attr_ext1;
+    VAConfigAttribValEncAV1Ext2 attr_ext2;
+
+    char sh_data[MAX_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE]; /**< coded sequence header data. */
+    size_t sh_data_len; /**< bit length of sh_data. */
+    char fh_data[MAX_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE]; /**< coded frame header data. */
+    size_t fh_data_len; /**< bit length of fh_data. */
+
+    uint8_t uniform_tile;
+    uint8_t use_128x128_superblock;
+    int sb_cols;
+    int sb_rows;
+    int tile_cols_log2;
+    int tile_rows_log2;
+    int max_tile_width_sb;
+    int max_tile_height_sb;
+    uint8_t width_in_sbs_minus_1[AV1_MAX_TILE_COLS];
+    uint8_t height_in_sbs_minus_1[AV1_MAX_TILE_ROWS];
+
+    int min_log2_tile_cols;
+    int max_log2_tile_cols;
+    int min_log2_tile_rows;
+    int max_log2_tile_rows;
+
+    int q_idx_idr;
+    int q_idx_p;
+    int q_idx_b;
+
+    /** user options */
+    int profile;
+    int level;
+    int tier;
+    int tile_cols, tile_rows;
+    int tile_groups;
+} VAAPIEncodeAV1Context;
+
+static av_cold int vaapi_encode_av1_configure(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeContext     *ctx = avctx->priv_data;
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = ff_cbs_init(&priv->cbc, AV_CODEC_ID_AV1, avctx);
+    if (ret < 0)
+        return ret;
+
+    if (ctx->rc_mode->quality) {
+        priv->q_idx_p = av_clip(ctx->rc_quality, 0, AV1_MAX_QUANT);
+        if (fabs(avctx->i_quant_factor) > 0.0)
+            priv->q_idx_idr =
+                av_clip((fabs(avctx->i_quant_factor) * priv->q_idx_p  +
+                         avctx->i_quant_offset) + 0.5,
+                        0, AV1_MAX_QUANT);
+        else
+            priv->q_idx_idr = priv->q_idx_p;
+
+        if (fabs(avctx->b_quant_factor) > 0.0)
+            priv->q_idx_b =
+                av_clip((fabs(avctx->b_quant_factor) * priv->q_idx_p  +
+                         avctx->b_quant_offset) + 0.5,
+                        0, AV1_MAX_QUANT);
+        else
+            priv->q_idx_b = priv->q_idx_p;
+    } else {
+        /** Arbitrary value */
+        priv->q_idx_idr = priv->q_idx_p = priv->q_idx_b = 128;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_add_obu(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                    CodedBitstreamFragment *au,
+                                    uint8_t type,
+                                    void *obu_unit)
+{
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = ff_cbs_insert_unit_content(au, -1,
+                                     type, obu_unit, NULL);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to add OBU unit: "
+               "type = %d.\n", type);
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_write_obu(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                      char *data, size_t *data_len,
+                                      CodedBitstreamFragment *bs)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = ff_cbs_write_fragment_data(priv->cbc, bs);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to write packed header.\n");
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    if ((size_t)8 * MAX_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE < 8 * bs->data_size - bs->data_bit_padding) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Access unit too large: "
+               "%zu < %zu.\n", (size_t)8 * MAX_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE,
+               8 * bs->data_size - bs->data_bit_padding);
+        return AVERROR(ENOSPC);
+    }
+
+    memcpy(data, bs->data, bs->data_size);
+    *data_len = 8 * bs->data_size - bs->data_bit_padding;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int get_relative_dist(const AV1RawSequenceHeader *seq,
+                             unsigned int a, unsigned int b)
+{
+    unsigned int diff, m;
+    if (!seq->enable_order_hint)
+        return 0;
+    diff = a - b;
+    m = 1 << seq->order_hint_bits_minus_1;
+    diff = (diff & (m - 1)) - (diff & m);
+    return diff;
+}
+
+static int write_ns(PutBitContext *pbc, uint32_t n, uint32_t value)
+{
+    uint32_t w, m, v, extra_bit;
+
+    w = av_log2(n) + 1;
+    m = (1 << w) - n;
+
+    if (value < m) {
+        v = value;
+        put_bits(pbc, w - 1, v);
+    } else {
+        v = m + ((value - m) >> 1);
+        extra_bit = (value - m) & 1;
+        put_bits(pbc, w - 1, v);
+        put_bits(pbc, 1, extra_bit);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * This API provide the minmum implemention according current enabled features
+ * in frame header. If more features will enable in furture, please make sure
+ * the relative flags of features should be packed correctly into frame header
+ * obu in this API.
+ */
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_write_frame_header(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                               VAAPIEncodePicture *pic,
+                                               char *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeContext              *ctx = avctx->priv_data;
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context          *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    AV1RawOBU                    *fh_obu = &priv->fh;
+    AV1RawOBU                    *sh_obu = &priv->sh;
+    AV1RawFrameHeader                *fh = &fh_obu->obu.frame.header;
+    AV1RawSequenceHeader             *sh = &sh_obu->obu.sequence_header;
+    VAEncPictureParameterBufferAV1 *vpic = pic->codec_picture_params;
+    PutBitContext pbc, pbc_tmp;
+    uint8_t byte;
+    int qindex, coded_lossless;
+    int id_len, frame_is_intra, skip_mode_allowed;
+    int start, payload_bits, obu_size, obu_size_len;
+    int qindex_offset, loopfilter_offset;
+    int cdef_start_offset, cdef_end_offset;
+    int i;
+
+    init_put_bits(&pbc, data, MAX_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE);
+
+    /** obu header */
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh_obu->header.obu_forbidden_bit);
+    put_bits(&pbc, 4, fh_obu->header.obu_type);
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh_obu->header.obu_extension_flag);
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh_obu->header.obu_has_size_field);
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh_obu->header.obu_reserved_1bit);
+
+    /** record pbc status to re-write obu size later. */
+    if (fh_obu->header.obu_has_size_field) {
+        pbc_tmp = pbc;
+        put_bits32(&pbc, 0);
+        put_bits32(&pbc, 0);
+    }
+
+    start = put_bits_count(&pbc);
+
+    /** uncompressed_header() */
+    if (sh->frame_id_numbers_present_flag)
+        id_len = sh->additional_frame_id_length_minus_1 +
+                 sh->delta_frame_id_length_minus_2 + 3;
+
+    frame_is_intra = (fh->frame_type == AV1_FRAME_KEY ||
+                      fh->frame_type == AV1_FRAME_INTRA_ONLY);
+    if (!sh->reduced_still_picture_header) {
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->show_existing_frame);
+        if (fh->show_existing_frame) {
+            put_bits(&pbc, 3, fh->frame_to_show_map_idx);
+            goto trailing_bits;
+        }
+        if (sh->frame_id_numbers_present_flag)
+            put_bits(&pbc, id_len, fh->display_frame_id);
+
+        put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->frame_type);
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->show_frame);
+        if (!fh->show_frame)
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->showable_frame);
+
+        if (!(fh->frame_type == AV1_FRAME_SWITCH ||
+            (fh->frame_type == AV1_FRAME_KEY && fh->show_frame)))
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->error_resilient_mode);
+    }
+
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->disable_cdf_update);
+    if (sh->seq_force_screen_content_tools == AV1_SELECT_SCREEN_CONTENT_TOOLS)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->allow_screen_content_tools);
+
+    if (fh->allow_screen_content_tools && sh->seq_force_integer_mv == AV1_SELECT_INTEGER_MV)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->force_integer_mv);
+
+    if (sh->frame_id_numbers_present_flag)
+        put_bits(&pbc, id_len, fh->current_frame_id);
+
+    if (fh->frame_type != AV1_FRAME_SWITCH && !sh->reduced_still_picture_header)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->frame_size_override_flag);
+
+    if (sh->enable_order_hint)
+        put_bits(&pbc, sh->order_hint_bits_minus_1 + 1, fh->order_hint);
+
+    if (!(frame_is_intra || fh->error_resilient_mode))
+        put_bits(&pbc, 3, fh->primary_ref_frame);
+
+    if (!(fh->frame_type == AV1_FRAME_SWITCH ||
+        fh->frame_type == AV1_FRAME_KEY && fh->show_frame))
+        put_bits(&pbc, 8, fh->refresh_frame_flags);
+
+    if (frame_is_intra) {
+        /** render_size() */
+         put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->render_and_frame_size_different);
+    } else {
+        if (!frame_is_intra && sh->enable_order_hint)
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->frame_refs_short_signaling);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < AV1_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++) {
+            if (!fh->frame_refs_short_signaling)
+                put_bits(&pbc, 3, fh->ref_frame_idx[i]);
+        }
+
+        if (!(fh->frame_size_override_flag && !fh->error_resilient_mode))
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->render_and_frame_size_different);
+
+        if (!fh->force_integer_mv)
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->allow_high_precision_mv);
+
+        /** read_interpolation_filter() */
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->is_filter_switchable);
+        if (!fh->is_filter_switchable)
+            put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->interpolation_filter);
+
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->is_motion_mode_switchable);
+    }
+
+    if (!(sh->reduced_still_picture_header || fh->disable_cdf_update))
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->disable_frame_end_update_cdf);
+
+    /** tile_info() */
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->uniform_tile_spacing_flag);
+    if (fh->uniform_tile_spacing_flag) {
+        for (i = 0; i < priv->tile_cols_log2 - priv->min_log2_tile_cols; i++) {
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, 1);
+        }
+        if (priv->tile_cols_log2 < priv->max_log2_tile_cols)
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, 0);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < priv->tile_rows_log2 - priv->min_log2_tile_rows; i++) {
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, 1);
+        }
+        if (priv->tile_rows_log2 < priv->max_log2_tile_rows)
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, 0);
+    } else {
+        int start_sb = 0;
+        int max_width, max_height;
+        for (i = 0; start_sb < priv->sb_cols; i++) {
+            max_width = FFMIN(priv->sb_cols - start_sb, priv->max_tile_width_sb);
+            write_ns(&pbc, max_width, fh->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i]);
+            start_sb += fh->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i] + 1;
+        }
+
+        start_sb = 0;
+        for (i = 0; start_sb < priv->sb_rows; i++) {
+            max_height = FFMIN(priv->sb_rows - start_sb, priv->max_tile_height_sb);
+            write_ns(&pbc, max_height, fh->height_in_sbs_minus_1[i]);
+            start_sb += fh->height_in_sbs_minus_1[i] + 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (priv->tile_cols_log2 || priv->tile_rows_log2) {
+        put_bits(&pbc, priv->tile_cols_log2 + priv->tile_rows_log2, fh->context_update_tile_id);
+        put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->tile_size_bytes_minus1);
+    }
+
+    qindex_offset = put_bits_count(&pbc);
+    /** quantization_params() */
+    put_bits(&pbc, 8, fh->base_q_idx);
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->delta_q_y_dc);
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->delta_q_u_dc);
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->delta_q_u_ac);
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->using_qmatrix);
+
+    /** segmentation_params() */
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->segmentation_enabled);
+
+    /** delta_q_params() */
+    if (fh->base_q_idx)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->delta_q_present);
+    if (fh->delta_q_present)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->delta_q_res);
+
+    /** delta_lf_params() */
+    if (fh->delta_q_present) {
+        if (!fh->allow_intrabc)
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->delta_lf_present);
+        if (fh->delta_lf_present) {
+            put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->delta_lf_res);
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->delta_lf_multi);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** codelossless */
+    coded_lossless = 1;
+    for (i = 0; i < AV1_MAX_SEGMENTS; i++) {
+        if (fh->segmentation_enabled && fh->feature_enabled[i][AV1_SEG_LVL_ALT_Q])
+            qindex = fh->base_q_idx + fh->feature_value[i][AV1_SEG_LVL_ALT_Q];
+        else
+            qindex = fh->base_q_idx;
+        qindex = av_clip_uintp2(qindex, 8);
+
+        if (qindex || fh->delta_q_y_dc || fh->delta_q_u_ac || fh->delta_q_u_dc ||
+            fh->delta_q_v_ac || fh->delta_q_v_dc)
+            coded_lossless = 0;
+    }
+
+    loopfilter_offset = put_bits_count(&pbc);
+    /** loop_filter_params() */
+    if (!(coded_lossless || fh->allow_intrabc)) {
+        put_bits(&pbc, 6, fh->loop_filter_level[0]);
+        put_bits(&pbc, 6, fh->loop_filter_level[1]);
+        if (fh->loop_filter_level[0] || fh->loop_filter_level[1]) {
+            put_bits(&pbc, 6, fh->loop_filter_level[2]);
+            put_bits(&pbc, 6, fh->loop_filter_level[3]);
+        }
+        put_bits(&pbc, 3, fh->loop_filter_sharpness);
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->loop_filter_delta_enabled);
+    }
+
+    cdef_start_offset = put_bits_count(&pbc);
+    /** cdef_params() */
+    if (!(coded_lossless || fh->allow_intrabc || !sh->enable_cdef)) {
+        put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->cdef_damping_minus_3);
+        put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->cdef_bits);
+        for (i = 0; i < (1 << fh->cdef_bits); i++) {
+            put_bits(&pbc, 4, fh->cdef_y_pri_strength[i]);
+            put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->cdef_y_sec_strength[i]);
+            put_bits(&pbc, 4, fh->cdef_uv_pri_strength[i]);
+            put_bits(&pbc, 2, fh->cdef_uv_sec_strength[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    cdef_end_offset = put_bits_count(&pbc);
+
+    /** read_tx_mode() */
+    if (fh->tx_mode == AV1_TX_MODE_SELECT)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, 1);
+    else
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, 0);
+
+    /** frame_reference_mode() */
+    if (!frame_is_intra)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->reference_select);
+
+    /** skip_mode_params() */
+    if (frame_is_intra || !fh->reference_select || !sh->enable_order_hint)
+        skip_mode_allowed = 0;
+    else {
+        int forward_idx, backward_idx;
+        int ref_hint, forward_hint, backward_hint;
+
+        forward_idx = -1;
+        backward_idx = -1;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < AV1_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++) {
+            ref_hint = fh->ref_order_hint[fh->ref_frame_idx[i]];
+            if (get_relative_dist(sh, ref_hint, fh->order_hint) < 0) {
+                if (forward_idx < 0 || get_relative_dist(sh, ref_hint, forward_idx) > 0) {
+                    forward_idx = i;
+                    forward_hint = ref_hint;
+                }
+            } else if (get_relative_dist(sh, ref_hint, fh->order_hint) > 0) {
+                if (backward_idx < 0 || get_relative_dist(sh, ref_hint, backward_hint) < 0) {
+                    backward_idx = i;
+                    backward_hint = ref_hint;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (forward_idx < 0)
+            skip_mode_allowed = 0;
+        else if (backward_idx >= 0)
+            skip_mode_allowed = 1;
+        else {
+            int second_forward_idx, second_forward_hint;
+            second_forward_idx = -1;
+            for (i = 0; i < AV1_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++) {
+                ref_hint = fh->ref_order_hint[fh->ref_frame_idx[i]];
+                if (get_relative_dist(sh, ref_hint, forward_hint) < 0) {
+                    if (second_forward_idx < 0 || get_relative_dist(sh, ref_hint, second_forward_hint) > 0){
+                        second_forward_idx = i;
+                        second_forward_hint = ref_hint;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (second_forward_idx < 0)
+                skip_mode_allowed = 0;
+            else
+                skip_mode_allowed = 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (skip_mode_allowed)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->skip_mode_present);
+
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->reduced_tx_set);
+
+    /** global_motion_params() */
+    if (!frame_is_intra) {
+        for (i = AV1_REF_FRAME_LAST; i <= AV1_REF_FRAME_ALTREF; i++) {
+            put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->is_global[i]);
+            if (fh->is_global[i]) {
+                put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->is_rot_zoom[i]);
+                if (!fh->is_rot_zoom[i])
+                    put_bits(&pbc, 1, fh->is_translation[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+trailing_bits:
+    payload_bits = put_bits_count(&pbc) - start;
+
+    /** trailing_bits() */
+    put_bits(&pbc, 1, 1);
+    obu_size = (put_bits_count(&pbc) - start + 7) / 8;
+    for (i = 0; i < obu_size * 8 - payload_bits - 1; i++)
+        put_bits(&pbc, 1, 0);
+
+    flush_put_bits(&pbc);
+    *data_len = put_bits_count(&pbc);
+
+    /** update obu size in bitstream */
+    if (fh_obu->header.obu_has_size_field) {
+        obu_size_len = priv->attr_ext2.bits.obu_size_bytes_minus1 + 1;
+        for (i = 0; i < obu_size_len; i++) {
+            byte = obu_size >> (7 * i) & 0x7f;
+            if (i < obu_size_len - 1)
+                byte |= 0x80;
+            put_bits(&pbc_tmp, 8, byte);
+        }
+        flush_put_bits(&pbc_tmp);
+        memmove(pbc_tmp.buf_ptr, pbc_tmp.buf_ptr + (8 - obu_size_len), obu_size);
+        *data_len -= (8 - obu_size_len) * 8;
+    }
+
+    if (fh->show_existing_frame)
+        return 0;
+
+    if (!(ctx->va_rc_mode & VA_RC_CQP)) {
+        vpic->min_base_qindex = av_clip(avctx->qmin, 1, AV1_MAX_QUANT);
+        vpic->max_base_qindex = av_clip(avctx->qmax, 1, AV1_MAX_QUANT);
+
+        vpic->bit_offset_qindex            = qindex_offset - (8 - obu_size_len) * 8;
+        vpic->bit_offset_loopfilter_params = loopfilter_offset - (8 - obu_size_len) * 8;
+        vpic->bit_offset_cdef_params       = cdef_start_offset - (8 - obu_size_len) * 8;
+        vpic->size_in_bits_cdef_params     = cdef_end_offset - cdef_start_offset;
+        vpic->size_in_bits_frame_hdr_obu   = *data_len;
+
+        vpic->byte_offset_frame_hdr_obu_size = (((pic->type == PICTURE_TYPE_IDR) ?
+                                               priv->sh_data_len / 8 : 0) +
+                                               (fh_obu->header.obu_extension_flag ?
+                                               2 : 1));
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int tile_log2(int blkSize, int target) {
+    int k;
+    for (k = 0; (blkSize << k) < target; k++);
+    return k;
+}
+
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_set_tile(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    int mi_cols, mi_rows, sb_shift, sb_size;
+    int max_tile_area_sb, max_tile_area_sb_varied;
+    int tile_width_sb, tile_height_sb, widest_tile_sb;
+    int min_log2_tiles;
+    int tile_rows_tmp, i;
+
+    if (priv->tile_cols > AV1_MAX_TILE_COLS ||
+        priv->tile_rows > AV1_MAX_TILE_ROWS) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid tile number %dx%d, should less than %dx%d.\n",
+               priv->tile_cols, priv->tile_rows, AV1_MAX_TILE_COLS, AV1_MAX_TILE_ROWS);
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+    }
+
+    mi_cols = 2 * ((avctx->width + 7) >> 3);
+    mi_rows = 2 * ((avctx->height + 7) >> 3);
+    priv->sb_cols = priv->use_128x128_superblock ?
+                    ((mi_cols + 31) >> 5) : ((mi_cols + 15) >> 4);
+    priv->sb_rows = priv->use_128x128_superblock ?
+                    ((mi_rows + 31) >> 5) : ((mi_rows + 15) >> 4);
+    sb_shift = priv->use_128x128_superblock ? 5 : 4;
+    sb_size  = sb_shift + 2;
+    priv->max_tile_width_sb = AV1_MAX_TILE_WIDTH >> sb_size;
+    max_tile_area_sb = AV1_MAX_TILE_AREA  >> (2 * sb_size);
+
+    priv->min_log2_tile_cols = tile_log2(priv->max_tile_width_sb, priv->sb_cols);
+    priv->max_log2_tile_cols = tile_log2(1, FFMIN(priv->sb_cols, AV1_MAX_TILE_COLS));
+    priv->max_log2_tile_rows = tile_log2(1, FFMIN(priv->sb_rows, AV1_MAX_TILE_ROWS));
+    min_log2_tiles = FFMAX(priv->min_log2_tile_cols,
+                           tile_log2(max_tile_area_sb, priv->sb_rows * priv->sb_cols));
+
+    if (priv->tile_cols != av_clip(priv->tile_cols, (priv->sb_cols + priv->max_tile_width_sb - 1) / priv->max_tile_width_sb, priv->sb_cols)) {
+        priv->tile_cols = av_clip(priv->tile_cols, (priv->sb_cols + priv->max_tile_width_sb - 1) / priv->max_tile_width_sb, priv->sb_cols);
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Invalid tile cols, correct to %d.\n", priv->tile_cols);
+    }
+
+    priv->tile_cols_log2 = tile_log2(1, priv->tile_cols);
+    tile_width_sb = (priv->sb_cols + (1 << priv->tile_cols_log2) - 1) >>
+                    priv->tile_cols_log2;
+
+    if (priv->tile_rows > priv->sb_rows) {
+        priv->tile_rows = priv->sb_rows;
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Invalid tile rows, correct to %d.\n", priv->tile_rows);
+    }
+
+    for (tile_rows_tmp = priv->tile_rows; tile_rows_tmp <= priv->sb_rows && tile_rows_tmp <= AV1_MAX_TILE_ROWS; tile_rows_tmp++) {
+        /** try uniformed tile. */
+        priv->tile_rows_log2 = tile_log2(1, tile_rows_tmp);
+        if ((priv->sb_cols + tile_width_sb - 1) / tile_width_sb == priv->tile_cols) {
+            for (i = 0; i < priv->tile_cols - 1; i++)
+                priv->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = tile_width_sb - 1;
+            priv->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = priv->sb_cols - (priv->tile_cols - 1) * tile_width_sb - 1;
+
+            tile_height_sb = (priv->sb_rows + (1 << priv->tile_rows_log2) - 1) >>
+                             priv->tile_rows_log2;
+
+            if ((priv->sb_rows + tile_height_sb - 1) / tile_height_sb == tile_rows_tmp &&
+                tile_height_sb <= max_tile_area_sb / tile_width_sb) {
+                for (i = 0; i < tile_rows_tmp - 1; i++)
+                    priv->height_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = tile_height_sb - 1;
+                priv->height_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = priv->sb_rows - (tile_rows_tmp - 1) * tile_height_sb - 1;
+
+                priv->uniform_tile = 1;
+                priv->min_log2_tile_rows = FFMAX(min_log2_tiles - priv->tile_cols_log2, 0);
+
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** try non-uniformed tile. */
+        widest_tile_sb = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < priv->tile_cols; i++) {
+            priv->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = (i + 1) * priv->sb_cols / priv->tile_cols - i * priv->sb_cols / priv->tile_cols - 1;
+            widest_tile_sb = FFMAX(widest_tile_sb, priv->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i] + 1);
+        }
+
+        if (min_log2_tiles)
+            max_tile_area_sb_varied = (priv->sb_rows * priv->sb_cols) >> (min_log2_tiles + 1);
+        else
+            max_tile_area_sb_varied = priv->sb_rows * priv->sb_cols;
+        priv->max_tile_height_sb = FFMAX(1, max_tile_area_sb_varied / widest_tile_sb);
+
+        if (tile_rows_tmp == av_clip(tile_rows_tmp, (priv->sb_rows + priv->max_tile_height_sb - 1) / priv->max_tile_height_sb, priv->sb_rows)) {
+            for (i = 0; i < tile_rows_tmp; i++)
+                priv->height_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = (i + 1) * priv->sb_rows / tile_rows_tmp - i * priv->sb_rows / tile_rows_tmp - 1;
+
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (priv->tile_rows != tile_rows_tmp) {
+        priv->tile_rows = tile_rows_tmp;
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Invalid tile rows, correct to %d.\n", priv->tile_rows);
+    }
+
+    /** check if tile cols/rows is supported by driver. */
+    if (priv->attr_ext2.bits.max_tile_num_minus1) {
+        if ((priv->tile_cols * priv->tile_rows - 1) > priv->attr_ext2.bits.max_tile_num_minus1) {
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unsupported tile num %d * %d = %d by driver, "
+                   "should be less than %d.\n", priv->tile_cols, priv->tile_rows,
+                   priv->tile_cols * priv->tile_rows,
+                   priv->attr_ext2.bits.max_tile_num_minus1 + 1);
+            return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+        }
+    }
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Setting tile cols/rows to %d/%d.\n",
+           priv->tile_cols, priv->tile_rows);
+
+    /** check if tile group numbers is valid. */
+    if (priv->tile_groups > priv->tile_cols * priv->tile_rows) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Invalid tile groups number %d, "
+        "correct to %d.\n", priv->tile_groups, priv->tile_cols * priv->tile_rows);
+        priv->tile_groups = priv->tile_cols * priv->tile_rows;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_write_sequence_header(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                                  char *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    memcpy(data, &priv->sh_data, MAX_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE * sizeof(char));
+    *data_len = priv->sh_data_len;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_init_sequence_params(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeContext               *ctx = avctx->priv_data;
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context           *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    AV1RawOBU                     *sh_obu = &priv->sh;
+    AV1RawSequenceHeader              *sh = &sh_obu->obu.sequence_header;
+    VAEncSequenceParameterBufferAV1 *vseq = ctx->codec_sequence_params;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment           *obu = &priv->current_obu;
+    const AVPixFmtDescriptor *desc;
+    int ret;
+
+    memset(sh_obu, 0, sizeof(*sh_obu));
+    sh_obu->header.obu_type = AV1_OBU_SEQUENCE_HEADER;
+
+    desc = av_pix_fmt_desc_get(priv->common.input_frames->sw_format);
+    av_assert0(desc);
+
+    sh->seq_profile  = avctx->profile;
+    if (!sh->seq_force_screen_content_tools)
+        sh->seq_force_integer_mv = AV1_SELECT_INTEGER_MV;
+    sh->frame_width_bits_minus_1  = av_log2(avctx->width);
+    sh->frame_height_bits_minus_1 = av_log2(avctx->height);
+    sh->max_frame_width_minus_1   = avctx->width - 1;
+    sh->max_frame_height_minus_1  = avctx->height - 1;
+    sh->seq_tier[0]               = priv->tier;
+    /** enable order hint and reserve maximum 8 bits for it by default. */
+    sh->enable_order_hint         = 1;
+    sh->order_hint_bits_minus_1   = 7;
+
+    sh->color_config = (AV1RawColorConfig) {
+        .high_bitdepth                  = desc->comp[0].depth == 8 ? 0 : 1,
+        .color_primaries                = avctx->color_primaries,
+        .transfer_characteristics       = avctx->color_trc,
+        .matrix_coefficients            = avctx->colorspace,
+        .color_description_present_flag = (avctx->color_primaries != AVCOL_PRI_UNSPECIFIED ||
+                                           avctx->color_trc       != AVCOL_TRC_UNSPECIFIED ||
+                                           avctx->colorspace      != AVCOL_SPC_UNSPECIFIED),
+        .color_range                    = avctx->color_range == AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG,
+        .subsampling_x                  = desc->log2_chroma_w,
+        .subsampling_y                  = desc->log2_chroma_h,
+    };
+
+    if (avctx->level != FF_LEVEL_UNKNOWN) {
+        sh->seq_level_idx[0] = avctx->level;
+    } else {
+        const AV1LevelDescriptor *level;
+        float framerate;
+
+        if (avctx->framerate.num > 0 && avctx->framerate.den > 0)
+            framerate = avctx->framerate.num / avctx->framerate.den;
+        else
+            framerate = 0;
+
+        level = ff_av1_guess_level(avctx->bit_rate, priv->tier,
+                                   ctx->surface_width, ctx->surface_height,
+                                   priv->tile_rows * priv->tile_cols,
+                                   priv->tile_cols, framerate);
+        if (level) {
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using level %s.\n", level->name);
+            sh->seq_level_idx[0] = level->level_idx;
+        } else {
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Stream will not conform to "
+                   "any normal level, using level 6.3 by default.\n");
+            sh->seq_level_idx[0] = 19;
+            sh->seq_tier[0] = 1;
+        }
+    }
+    vseq->seq_profile             = sh->seq_profile;
+    vseq->seq_level_idx           = sh->seq_level_idx[0];
+    vseq->seq_tier                = sh->seq_tier[0];
+    vseq->order_hint_bits_minus_1 = sh->order_hint_bits_minus_1;
+    vseq->intra_period            = ctx->gop_size;
+    vseq->ip_period               = ctx->b_per_p + 1;
+
+    vseq->seq_fields.bits.enable_order_hint = sh->enable_order_hint;
+
+    if (!(ctx->va_rc_mode & VA_RC_CQP)) {
+        vseq->bits_per_second = ctx->va_bit_rate;
+        vseq->seq_fields.bits.enable_cdef = sh->enable_cdef = 1;
+    }
+
+    ret = vaapi_encode_av1_add_obu(avctx, obu, AV1_OBU_SEQUENCE_HEADER, &priv->sh);
+    if (ret < 0)
+        goto end;
+
+    ret = vaapi_encode_av1_write_obu(avctx, priv->sh_data, &priv->sh_data_len, obu);
+    if (ret < 0)
+        goto end;
+
+end:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(obu);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_init_picture_params(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                                VAAPIEncodePicture *pic)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context          *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Picture          *hpic = pic->priv_data;
+    AV1RawOBU                    *fh_obu = &priv->fh;
+    AV1RawFrameHeader                *fh = &fh_obu->obu.frame.header;
+    VAEncPictureParameterBufferAV1 *vpic = pic->codec_picture_params;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment          *obu = &priv->current_obu;
+    VAAPIEncodePicture    *ref;
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Picture *href;
+    int slot, i;
+    int ret;
+    static const int8_t default_loop_filter_ref_deltas[AV1_TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME] =
+        { 1, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, -1 };
+
+    memset(fh_obu, 0, sizeof(*fh_obu));
+    pic->nb_slices = priv->tile_groups;
+    fh_obu->header.obu_type = AV1_OBU_FRAME_HEADER;
+    fh_obu->header.obu_has_size_field = 1;
+
+    switch (pic->type) {
+    case PICTURE_TYPE_IDR:
+        av_assert0(pic->nb_refs[0] == 0 || pic->nb_refs[1]);
+        fh->frame_type = AV1_FRAME_KEY;
+        fh->refresh_frame_flags = 0xFF;
+        fh->base_q_idx = priv->q_idx_idr;
+        hpic->slot = 0;
+        hpic->last_idr_frame = pic->display_order;
+        break;
+    case PICTURE_TYPE_P:
+        av_assert0(pic->nb_refs[0]);
+        fh->frame_type = AV1_FRAME_INTER;
+        fh->base_q_idx = priv->q_idx_p;
+        ref = pic->refs[0][pic->nb_refs[0] - 1];
+        href = ref->priv_data;
+        hpic->slot = !href->slot;
+        hpic->last_idr_frame = href->last_idr_frame;
+        fh->refresh_frame_flags = 1 << hpic->slot;
+
+        /** set the nearest frame in L0 as all reference frame. */
+        for (i = 0; i < AV1_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++) {
+            fh->ref_frame_idx[i] = href->slot;
+        }
+        fh->primary_ref_frame = href->slot;
+        fh->ref_order_hint[href->slot] = ref->display_order - href->last_idr_frame;
+        vpic->ref_frame_ctrl_l0.fields.search_idx0 = AV1_REF_FRAME_LAST;
+
+        /** set the 2nd nearest frame in L0 as Golden frame. */
+        if (pic->nb_refs[0] > 1) {
+            ref = pic->refs[0][pic->nb_refs[0] - 2];
+            href = ref->priv_data;
+            fh->ref_frame_idx[3] = href->slot;
+            fh->ref_order_hint[href->slot] = ref->display_order - href->last_idr_frame;
+            vpic->ref_frame_ctrl_l0.fields.search_idx1 = AV1_REF_FRAME_GOLDEN;
+        }
+        break;
+    case PICTURE_TYPE_B:
+        av_assert0(pic->nb_refs[0] && pic->nb_refs[1]);
+        fh->frame_type = AV1_FRAME_INTER;
+        fh->base_q_idx = priv->q_idx_b;
+        fh->refresh_frame_flags = 0x0;
+        fh->reference_select = 1;
+
+        /** B frame will not be referenced, disable its recon frame. */
+        vpic->picture_flags.bits.disable_frame_recon = 1;
+
+        /** Use LAST_FRAME and BWDREF_FRAME for reference. */
+        vpic->ref_frame_ctrl_l0.fields.search_idx0 = AV1_REF_FRAME_LAST;
+        vpic->ref_frame_ctrl_l1.fields.search_idx0 = AV1_REF_FRAME_BWDREF;
+
+        ref                            = pic->refs[0][pic->nb_refs[0] - 1];
+        href                           = ref->priv_data;
+        hpic->last_idr_frame           = href->last_idr_frame;
+        fh->primary_ref_frame          = href->slot;
+        fh->ref_order_hint[href->slot] = ref->display_order - href->last_idr_frame;
+        for (i = 0; i < AV1_REF_FRAME_GOLDEN; i++) {
+            fh->ref_frame_idx[i] = href->slot;
+        }
+
+        ref                            = pic->refs[1][pic->nb_refs[1] - 1];
+        href                           = ref->priv_data;
+        fh->ref_order_hint[href->slot] = ref->display_order - href->last_idr_frame;
+        for (i = AV1_REF_FRAME_GOLDEN; i < AV1_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++) {
+            fh->ref_frame_idx[i] = href->slot;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        av_assert0(0 && "invalid picture type");
+    }
+
+    fh->show_frame                = pic->display_order <= pic->encode_order;
+    fh->showable_frame            = fh->frame_type != AV1_FRAME_KEY;
+    fh->frame_width_minus_1       = avctx->width - 1;
+    fh->frame_height_minus_1      = avctx->height - 1;
+    fh->render_width_minus_1      = fh->frame_width_minus_1;
+    fh->render_height_minus_1     = fh->frame_height_minus_1;
+    fh->order_hint                = pic->display_order - hpic->last_idr_frame;
+    fh->tile_cols                 = priv->tile_cols;
+    fh->tile_rows                 = priv->tile_rows;
+    fh->tile_cols_log2            = priv->tile_cols_log2;
+    fh->tile_rows_log2            = priv->tile_rows_log2;
+    fh->uniform_tile_spacing_flag = priv->uniform_tile;
+    fh->tile_size_bytes_minus1    = priv->attr_ext2.bits.tile_size_bytes_minus1;
+    fh->reduced_tx_set            = 1;
+
+    /** ignore ONLY_4x4 mode for codedlossless is not fully implemented. */
+    if (priv->attr_ext2.bits.tx_mode_support & 0x04)
+        fh->tx_mode = AV1_TX_MODE_SELECT;
+    else if (priv->attr_ext2.bits.tx_mode_support & 0x02)
+        fh->tx_mode = AV1_TX_MODE_LARGEST;
+    else
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < fh->tile_cols; i++)
+        fh->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = vpic->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = priv->width_in_sbs_minus_1[i];
+
+    for (i = 0; i < fh->tile_rows; i++)
+        fh->height_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = vpic->height_in_sbs_minus_1[i] = priv->height_in_sbs_minus_1[i];
+
+    memcpy(fh->loop_filter_ref_deltas, default_loop_filter_ref_deltas,
+           AV1_TOTAL_REFS_PER_FRAME * sizeof(int8_t));
+
+    if (fh->frame_type == AV1_FRAME_KEY && fh->show_frame) {
+        fh->error_resilient_mode = 1;
+    }
+
+    if (fh->frame_type == AV1_FRAME_KEY || fh->error_resilient_mode)
+        fh->primary_ref_frame = AV1_PRIMARY_REF_NONE;
+
+    vpic->base_qindex          = fh->base_q_idx;
+    vpic->frame_width_minus_1  = fh->frame_width_minus_1;
+    vpic->frame_height_minus_1 = fh->frame_height_minus_1;
+    vpic->primary_ref_frame    = fh->primary_ref_frame;
+    vpic->reconstructed_frame  = pic->recon_surface;
+    vpic->coded_buf            = pic->output_buffer;
+    vpic->tile_cols            = fh->tile_cols;
+    vpic->tile_rows            = fh->tile_rows;
+    vpic->order_hint           = fh->order_hint;
+#if VA_CHECK_VERSION(1, 15, 0)
+    vpic->refresh_frame_flags  = fh->refresh_frame_flags;
+#endif
+
+    vpic->picture_flags.bits.enable_frame_obu     = 0;
+    vpic->picture_flags.bits.frame_type           = fh->frame_type;
+    vpic->picture_flags.bits.reduced_tx_set       = fh->reduced_tx_set;
+    vpic->picture_flags.bits.error_resilient_mode = fh->error_resilient_mode;
+
+    /** let driver decide to use single or compound reference prediction mode. */
+    vpic->mode_control_flags.bits.reference_mode = fh->reference_select ? 2 : 0;
+    vpic->mode_control_flags.bits.tx_mode = fh->tx_mode;
+
+    vpic->tile_group_obu_hdr_info.bits.obu_has_size_field = 1;
+
+    /** set reference. */
+    for (i = 0; i < AV1_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++)
+        vpic->ref_frame_idx[i] = fh->ref_frame_idx[i];
+
+    for (i = 0; i < FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(vpic->reference_frames); i++)
+        vpic->reference_frames[i] = VA_INVALID_SURFACE;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < MAX_REFERENCE_LIST_NUM; i++) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < pic->nb_refs[i]; j++) {
+            VAAPIEncodePicture *ref_pic = pic->refs[i][j];
+
+            slot = ((VAAPIEncodeAV1Picture*)ref_pic->priv_data)->slot;
+            av_assert0(vpic->reference_frames[slot] == VA_INVALID_SURFACE);
+
+            vpic->reference_frames[slot] = ref_pic->recon_surface;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** pack frame header, and set va params offset like bit_offset_qindex etc. */
+    ret = vaapi_encode_av1_write_frame_header(avctx, pic, priv->fh_data, &priv->fh_data_len);
+    if (ret < 0)
+        goto end;
+
+end:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(obu);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_init_slice_params(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                              VAAPIEncodePicture *pic,
+                                              VAAPIEncodeSlice *slice)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context      *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    VAEncTileGroupBufferAV1  *vslice = slice->codec_slice_params;
+    CodedBitstreamAV1Context  *cbctx = priv->cbc->priv_data;
+    int div;
+
+    /** Set tile group info. */
+    div = priv->tile_cols * priv->tile_rows / priv->tile_groups;
+    vslice->tg_start = slice->index * div;
+    if (slice->index == (priv->tile_groups - 1)) {
+        vslice->tg_end = priv->tile_cols * priv->tile_rows - 1;
+        cbctx->seen_frame_header = 0;
+    } else {
+        vslice->tg_end = (slice->index + 1) * div - 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vaapi_encode_av1_write_picture_header(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                                 VAAPIEncodePicture *pic,
+                                                 char *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context     *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment     *obu = &priv->current_obu;
+    AV1RawOBU               *fh_obu = &priv->fh;
+    AV1RawFrameHeader       *rep_fh = &fh_obu->obu.frame_header;
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Picture *href;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    pic->tail_size = 0;
+    /** Pack repeat frame header. */
+    if (pic->display_order > pic->encode_order) {
+        memset(fh_obu, 0, sizeof(*fh_obu));
+        href = pic->refs[0][pic->nb_refs[0] - 1]->priv_data;
+        fh_obu->header.obu_type = AV1_OBU_FRAME_HEADER;
+        fh_obu->header.obu_has_size_field = 1;
+
+        rep_fh->show_existing_frame   = 1;
+        rep_fh->frame_to_show_map_idx = href->slot == 0;
+        rep_fh->frame_type            = AV1_FRAME_INTER;
+        rep_fh->frame_width_minus_1   = avctx->width - 1;
+        rep_fh->frame_height_minus_1  = avctx->height - 1;
+        rep_fh->render_width_minus_1  = rep_fh->frame_width_minus_1;
+        rep_fh->render_height_minus_1 = rep_fh->frame_height_minus_1;
+
+        ret = vaapi_encode_av1_write_frame_header(avctx, pic, pic->tail_data, &pic->tail_size);
+        if (ret < 0)
+            goto end;
+
+        pic->tail_size /= 8;
+    }
+
+    memcpy(data, &priv->fh_data, MAX_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE * sizeof(char));
+    *data_len = priv->fh_data_len;
+
+end:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(obu);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static const VAAPIEncodeProfile vaapi_encode_av1_profiles[] = {
+    { FF_PROFILE_AV1_MAIN,  8, 3, 1, 1, VAProfileAV1Profile0 },
+    { FF_PROFILE_AV1_MAIN, 10, 3, 1, 1, VAProfileAV1Profile0 },
+    { FF_PROFILE_UNKNOWN }
+};
+
+static const VAAPIEncodeType vaapi_encode_type_av1 = {
+    .profiles        = vaapi_encode_av1_profiles,
+    .flags           = FLAG_B_PICTURES,
+    .default_quality = 25,
+    .configure       = &vaapi_encode_av1_configure,
+
+    .sequence_header_type  = VAEncPackedHeaderSequence,
+    .sequence_params_size  = sizeof(VAEncSequenceParameterBufferAV1),
+    .init_sequence_params  = &vaapi_encode_av1_init_sequence_params,
+    .write_sequence_header = &vaapi_encode_av1_write_sequence_header,
+
+    .picture_priv_data_size = sizeof(VAAPIEncodeAV1Picture),
+    .picture_header_type    = VAEncPackedHeaderPicture,
+    .picture_params_size    = sizeof(VAEncPictureParameterBufferAV1),
+    .init_picture_params    = &vaapi_encode_av1_init_picture_params,
+    .write_picture_header   = &vaapi_encode_av1_write_picture_header,
+
+    .slice_params_size = sizeof(VAEncTileGroupBufferAV1),
+    .init_slice_params = &vaapi_encode_av1_init_slice_params,
+};
+
+static av_cold int vaapi_encode_av1_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeContext      *ctx = avctx->priv_data;
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context  *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+    VAConfigAttrib attr;
+    VAStatus vas;
+    int ret;
+
+    ctx->codec = &vaapi_encode_type_av1;
+
+    ctx->desired_packed_headers =
+        VA_ENC_PACKED_HEADER_SEQUENCE |
+        VA_ENC_PACKED_HEADER_PICTURE;
+
+    if (avctx->profile == FF_PROFILE_UNKNOWN)
+        avctx->profile = priv->profile;
+    if (avctx->level == FF_LEVEL_UNKNOWN)
+        avctx->level = priv->level;
+
+    if (avctx->level != FF_LEVEL_UNKNOWN && avctx->level & ~0x1f) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid level %d\n", avctx->level);
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+    }
+
+    ret = ff_vaapi_encode_init(avctx);
+    if (ret < 0)
+        return ret;
+
+    attr.type = VAConfigAttribEncAV1;
+    vas = vaGetConfigAttributes(ctx->hwctx->display,
+                                ctx->va_profile,
+                                ctx->va_entrypoint,
+                                &attr, 1);
+    if (vas != VA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to query "
+               "config attribute: %d (%s).\n", vas, vaErrorStr(vas));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    } else if (attr.value == VA_ATTRIB_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
+        priv->attr.value = 0;
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Attribute type:%d is not "
+               "supported.\n", attr.type);
+    } else {
+        priv->attr.value = attr.value;
+    }
+
+    attr.type = VAConfigAttribEncAV1Ext1;
+    vas = vaGetConfigAttributes(ctx->hwctx->display,
+                                ctx->va_profile,
+                                ctx->va_entrypoint,
+                                &attr, 1);
+    if (vas != VA_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to query "
+               "config attribute: %d (%s).\n", vas, vaErrorStr(vas));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    } else if (attr.value == VA_ATTRIB_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
+        priv->attr_ext1.value = 0;
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Attribute type:%d is not "
+               "supported.\n", attr.type);
+    } else {
+        priv->attr_ext1.value = attr.value;
+    }
+
+    /** This attr provides essential indicators, return error if not support. */
+    attr.type = VAConfigAttribEncAV1Ext2;
+    vas = vaGetConfigAttributes(ctx->hwctx->display,
+                                ctx->va_profile,
+                                ctx->va_entrypoint,
+                                &attr, 1);
+    if (vas != VA_STATUS_SUCCESS || attr.value == VA_ATTRIB_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to query "
+               "config attribute: %d (%s).\n", vas, vaErrorStr(vas));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    } else {
+        priv->attr_ext2.value = attr.value;
+    }
+
+    ret = vaapi_encode_av1_set_tile(avctx);
+    if (ret < 0)
+        return ret;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static av_cold int vaapi_encode_av1_close(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VAAPIEncodeAV1Context *priv = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    ff_cbs_fragment_free(&priv->current_obu);
+    ff_cbs_close(&priv->cbc);
+
+    return ff_vaapi_encode_close(avctx);
+}
+
+#define OFFSET(x) offsetof(VAAPIEncodeAV1Context, x)
+#define FLAGS (AV_OPT_FLAG_VIDEO_PARAM | AV_OPT_FLAG_ENCODING_PARAM)
+
+static const AVOption vaapi_encode_av1_options[] = {
+    VAAPI_ENCODE_COMMON_OPTIONS,
+    VAAPI_ENCODE_RC_OPTIONS,
+    { "profile", "Set profile (seq_profile)",
+      OFFSET(profile), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT,
+      { .i64 = FF_PROFILE_UNKNOWN }, FF_PROFILE_UNKNOWN, 0xff, FLAGS, "profile" },
+
+#define PROFILE(name, value)  name, NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, \
+    { .i64 = value }, 0, 0, FLAGS, "profile"
+    { PROFILE("main",               FF_PROFILE_AV1_MAIN) },
+    { PROFILE("high",               FF_PROFILE_AV1_HIGH) },
+    { PROFILE("professional",       FF_PROFILE_AV1_PROFESSIONAL) },
+#undef PROFILE
+
+    { "tier", "Set tier (seq_tier)",
+      OFFSET(tier), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = 0 }, 0, 1, FLAGS, "tier" },
+    { "main", NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST,
+      { .i64 = 0 }, 0, 0, FLAGS, "tier" },
+    { "high", NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST,
+      { .i64 = 1 }, 0, 0, FLAGS, "tier" },
+    { "level", "Set level (seq_level_idx)",
+      OFFSET(level), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT,
+      { .i64 = FF_LEVEL_UNKNOWN }, FF_LEVEL_UNKNOWN, 0x1f, FLAGS, "level" },
+
+#define LEVEL(name, value) name, NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, \
+      { .i64 = value }, 0, 0, FLAGS, "level"
+    { LEVEL("2.0",  0) },
+    { LEVEL("2.1",  1) },
+    { LEVEL("3.0",  4) },
+    { LEVEL("3.1",  5) },
+    { LEVEL("4.0",  8) },
+    { LEVEL("4.1",  9) },
+    { LEVEL("5.0", 12) },
+    { LEVEL("5.1", 13) },
+    { LEVEL("5.2", 14) },
+    { LEVEL("5.3", 15) },
+    { LEVEL("6.0", 16) },
+    { LEVEL("6.1", 17) },
+    { LEVEL("6.2", 18) },
+    { LEVEL("6.3", 19) },
+#undef LEVEL
+
+    { "tiles", "Tile columns x rows",
+      OFFSET(tile_cols), AV_OPT_TYPE_IMAGE_SIZE, { .str = "1x1" }, 1, AV1_MAX_TILE_COLS, FLAGS },
+    { "tile_groups", "Number of tile groups for encoding",
+      OFFSET(tile_groups), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = 1 }, 1, AV1_MAX_TILE_ROWS * AV1_MAX_TILE_COLS, FLAGS },
+
+    { NULL },
+};
+
+static const FFCodecDefault vaapi_encode_av1_defaults[] = {
+    { "b",              "0"   },
+    { "bf",             "7"   },
+    { "g",              "120" },
+    { "qmin",           "1"   },
+    { "qmax",           "255" },
+    { NULL },
+};
+
+static const AVClass vaapi_encode_av1_class = {
+    .class_name = "av1_vaapi",
+    .item_name  = av_default_item_name,
+    .option     = vaapi_encode_av1_options,
+    .version    = LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_INT,
+};
+
+const FFCodec ff_av1_vaapi_encoder = {
+    .p.name         = "av1_vaapi",
+    CODEC_LONG_NAME("AV1 (VAAPI)"),
+    .p.type         = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO,
+    .p.id           = AV_CODEC_ID_AV1,
+    .priv_data_size = sizeof(VAAPIEncodeAV1Context),
+    .init           = &vaapi_encode_av1_init,
+    FF_CODEC_RECEIVE_PACKET_CB(&ff_vaapi_encode_receive_packet),
+    .close          = &vaapi_encode_av1_close,
+    .p.priv_class   = &vaapi_encode_av1_class,
+    .p.capabilities = AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY | AV_CODEC_CAP_HARDWARE |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_DR1 | AV_CODEC_CAP_ENCODER_REORDERED_OPAQUE,
+    .caps_internal  = FF_CODEC_CAP_NOT_INIT_THREADSAFE |
+                      FF_CODEC_CAP_INIT_CLEANUP,
+    .defaults       = vaapi_encode_av1_defaults,
+    .p.pix_fmts = (const enum AVPixelFormat[]) {
+        AV_PIX_FMT_VAAPI,
+        AV_PIX_FMT_NONE,
+    },
+    .hw_configs     = ff_vaapi_encode_hw_configs,
+    .p.wrapper_name = "vaapi",
+};
