diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 6cfb736a86..ebb8be73ad 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -3366,6 +3366,7 @@ h264_qsv_encoder_select="atsc_a53 qsvenc"
 h264_rkmpp_decoder_deps="rkmpp"
 h264_rkmpp_decoder_select="h264_mp4toannexb_bsf"
 h264_vaapi_encoder_select="atsc_a53 cbs_h264 vaapi_encode"
+h264_vulkan_encoder_select="cbs_h264 vulkan_encode"
 h264_v4l2m2m_decoder_deps="v4l2_m2m h264_v4l2_m2m"
 h264_v4l2m2m_decoder_select="h264_mp4toannexb_bsf"
 h264_v4l2m2m_encoder_deps="v4l2_m2m h264_v4l2_m2m"
diff --git a/libavcodec/Makefile b/libavcodec/Makefile
index ff6a3c4efc..d4eefa28a2 100644
--- a/libavcodec/Makefile
+++ b/libavcodec/Makefile
@@ -429,6 +429,9 @@ OBJS-$(CONFIG_H264_VAAPI_ENCODER)      += vaapi_encode_h264.o h264_levels.o \
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_H264_VIDEOTOOLBOX_ENCODER) += videotoolboxenc.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_H264_V4L2M2M_DECODER)    += v4l2_m2m_dec.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_H264_V4L2M2M_ENCODER)    += v4l2_m2m_enc.o
+OBJS-$(CONFIG_H264_VULKAN_ENCODER)     += vulkan_encode.o vulkan_encode_h264.o \
+                                          hw_base_encode.o hw_base_encode_h264.o \
+                                          h264_levels.o h2645data.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_HAP_DECODER)             += hapdec.o hap.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_HAP_ENCODER)             += hapenc.o hap.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_HCA_DECODER)             += hcadec.o
diff --git a/libavcodec/allcodecs.c b/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
index d773ac36c2..cfd929b81f 100644
--- a/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
+++ b/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
@@ -850,6 +850,7 @@ extern const FFCodec ff_h264_qsv_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_h264_v4l2m2m_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_h264_vaapi_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_h264_videotoolbox_encoder;
+extern const FFCodec ff_h264_vulkan_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_hevc_amf_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_hevc_cuvid_decoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_hevc_d3d12va_encoder;
diff --git a/libavcodec/vulkan_encode_h264.c b/libavcodec/vulkan_encode_h264.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..529ac8aed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libavcodec/vulkan_encode_h264.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1687 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of FFmpeg.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+ */
+
+#include "libavutil/opt.h"
+#include "libavutil/mem.h"
+
+#include "cbs.h"
+#include "cbs_h264.h"
+#include "atsc_a53.h"
+
+#include "h264_levels.h"
+#include "h2645data.h"
+#include "codec_internal.h"
+#include "version.h"
+#include "hw_base_encode_h264.h"
+
+#include "vulkan_encode.h"
+
+enum UnitElems {
+    UNIT_AUD            = 1 << 0,
+    UNIT_SEI_TIMING     = 1 << 1,
+    UNIT_SEI_IDENTIFIER = 1 << 2,
+    UNIT_SEI_RECOVERY   = 1 << 3,
+    UNIT_SEI_A53_CC     = 1 << 4,
+};
+
+const FFVulkanEncodeDescriptor ff_vk_enc_h264_desc = {
+    .codec_id         = AV_CODEC_ID_H264,
+    .encode_extension = FF_VK_EXT_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264,
+    .encode_op        = VK_VIDEO_CODEC_OPERATION_ENCODE_H264_BIT_KHR,
+    .ext_props = {
+        .extensionName = VK_STD_VULKAN_VIDEO_CODEC_H264_ENCODE_EXTENSION_NAME,
+        .specVersion   = VK_STD_VULKAN_VIDEO_CODEC_H264_ENCODE_SPEC_VERSION,
+    },
+};
+
+/* Random (version 4) ISO 11578 UUID. */
+static const uint8_t vulkan_encode_h264_sei_identifier_uuid[16] = {
+    0x03, 0xfd, 0xf2, 0x0a, 0x5d, 0x4c, 0x05, 0x48,
+    0x20, 0x98, 0xca, 0x6b, 0x0c, 0x95, 0x30, 0x1c,
+};
+
+typedef struct VulkanEncodeH264Picture {
+    int frame_num;
+    int64_t last_idr_frame;
+    uint16_t idr_pic_id;
+    int primary_pic_type;
+    int slice_type;
+    int pic_order_cnt;
+
+    enum UnitElems units_needed;
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH264RateControlInfoKHR vkrc_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH264RateControlLayerInfoKHR vkrc_layer_info;
+
+    StdVideoEncodeH264WeightTable slice_wt;
+    StdVideoEncodeH264SliceHeader slice_hdr;
+    VkVideoEncodeH264NaluSliceInfoKHR vkslice;
+
+    StdVideoEncodeH264PictureInfo   h264pic_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH264PictureInfoKHR vkh264pic_info;
+
+    StdVideoEncodeH264ReferenceInfo h264dpb_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH264DpbSlotInfoKHR vkh264dpb_info;
+
+    StdVideoEncodeH264RefListModEntry mods[MAX_REFERENCE_LIST_NUM][H264_MAX_RPLM_COUNT];
+    StdVideoEncodeH264RefPicMarkingEntry mmco[H264_MAX_RPLM_COUNT];
+    StdVideoEncodeH264ReferenceListsInfo ref_list_info;
+} VulkanEncodeH264Picture;
+
+typedef struct VulkanEncodeH264Context {
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext common;
+
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH264 units;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH264Opts unit_opts;
+
+    enum UnitElems unit_elems;
+
+    uint8_t fixed_qp_idr;
+    uint8_t fixed_qp_p;
+    uint8_t fixed_qp_b;
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH264ProfileInfoKHR profile;
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH264CapabilitiesKHR caps;
+    VkVideoEncodeH264QualityLevelPropertiesKHR quality_props;
+
+    CodedBitstreamContext *cbs;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment current_access_unit;
+
+    H264RawAUD                  raw_aud;
+
+    SEIRawUserDataUnregistered  sei_identifier;
+    H264RawSEIPicTiming         sei_pic_timing;
+    H264RawSEIRecoveryPoint     sei_recovery_point;
+    SEIRawUserDataRegistered    sei_a53cc;
+    void                       *sei_a53cc_data;
+    char                       *sei_identifier_string;
+} VulkanEncodeH264Context;
+
+static int init_pic_rc(AVCodecContext *avctx, FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic,
+                       VkVideoEncodeRateControlInfoKHR *rc_info,
+                       VkVideoEncodeRateControlLayerInfoKHR *rc_layer)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext   *ctx = &enc->common;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture  *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+
+    hp->vkrc_info = (VkVideoEncodeH264RateControlInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_RATE_CONTROL_INFO_KHR,
+        .flags = VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_RATE_CONTROL_REFERENCE_PATTERN_FLAT_BIT_KHR |
+                 VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_RATE_CONTROL_REGULAR_GOP_BIT_KHR,
+        .idrPeriod = ctx->base.gop_size,
+        .gopFrameCount = ctx->base.gop_size,
+        .consecutiveBFrameCount = FFMAX(ctx->base.b_per_p - 1, 0),
+        .temporalLayerCount = 0,
+    };
+
+    rc_info->pNext = &hp->vkrc_info;
+    rc_info->virtualBufferSizeInMs = enc->unit_opts.hrd_buffer_size;
+    rc_info->initialVirtualBufferSizeInMs = enc->unit_opts.initial_buffer_fullness;
+
+    if (rc_info->rateControlMode > VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_RATE_CONTROL_MODE_DISABLED_BIT_KHR) {
+        hp->vkrc_layer_info = (VkVideoEncodeH264RateControlLayerInfoKHR) {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_RATE_CONTROL_LAYER_INFO_KHR,
+
+            .useMinQp  = avctx->qmin > 0,
+            .minQp.qpI = avctx->qmin > 0 ? avctx->qmin : 0,
+            .minQp.qpP = avctx->qmin > 0 ? avctx->qmin : 0,
+            .minQp.qpB = avctx->qmin > 0 ? avctx->qmin : 0,
+
+            .useMaxQp  = avctx->qmax > 0,
+            .maxQp.qpI = avctx->qmax > 0 ? avctx->qmax : 0,
+            .maxQp.qpP = avctx->qmax > 0 ? avctx->qmax : 0,
+            .maxQp.qpB = avctx->qmax > 0 ? avctx->qmax : 0,
+
+            .useMaxFrameSize = 0,
+        };
+        rc_layer->pNext = &hp->vkrc_layer_info;
+        hp->vkrc_info.temporalLayerCount = 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vk_enc_h264_update_pic_info(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                       FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context   *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext     *ctx = &enc->common;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture    *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+    FFHWBaseEncodePicture    *prev = pic->prev;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture *hprev = prev ? prev->codec_priv : NULL;
+
+    if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR) {
+        av_assert0(pic->display_order == pic->encode_order);
+
+        hp->frame_num      = 0;
+        hp->last_idr_frame = pic->display_order;
+        hp->idr_pic_id     = hprev ? hprev->idr_pic_id + 1 : 0;
+
+        hp->primary_pic_type = 0;
+        hp->slice_type       = STD_VIDEO_H264_SLICE_TYPE_I;
+    } else {
+        av_assert0(prev);
+
+        hp->frame_num = hprev->frame_num + prev->is_reference;
+
+        hp->last_idr_frame = hprev->last_idr_frame;
+        hp->idr_pic_id     = hprev->idr_pic_id;
+
+        if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_I) {
+            hp->slice_type       = STD_VIDEO_H264_SLICE_TYPE_I;
+            hp->primary_pic_type = 0;
+        } else if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_P) {
+            hp->slice_type       = STD_VIDEO_H264_SLICE_TYPE_P;
+            hp->primary_pic_type = 1;
+        } else {
+            hp->slice_type       = STD_VIDEO_H264_SLICE_TYPE_B;
+            hp->primary_pic_type = 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    hp->pic_order_cnt = pic->display_order - hp->last_idr_frame;
+    if (enc->units.raw_sps.pic_order_cnt_type == 2)
+        hp->pic_order_cnt *= 2;
+
+    hp->units_needed = 0;
+
+    if (enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_IDENTIFIER && pic->encode_order == 0)
+        hp->units_needed |= UNIT_SEI_IDENTIFIER;
+
+    if (enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_TIMING) {
+        enc->sei_pic_timing = (H264RawSEIPicTiming) {
+            .cpb_removal_delay = 2 * (pic->encode_order - hp->last_idr_frame),
+            .dpb_output_delay  = 2 * (pic->display_order - pic->encode_order + ctx->base.max_b_depth),
+        };
+
+        hp->units_needed |= UNIT_SEI_TIMING;
+    }
+
+    if (enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_RECOVERY && pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_I) {
+        enc->sei_recovery_point = (H264RawSEIRecoveryPoint) {
+            .recovery_frame_cnt = 0,
+            .exact_match_flag   = 1,
+            .broken_link_flag   = ctx->base.b_per_p > 0,
+        };
+
+        hp->units_needed |= UNIT_SEI_RECOVERY;
+    }
+
+    if (enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_A53_CC) {
+        int err;
+        size_t sei_a53cc_len;
+        av_freep(&enc->sei_a53cc_data);
+        err = ff_alloc_a53_sei(pic->input_image, 0, &enc->sei_a53cc_data, &sei_a53cc_len);
+        if (err < 0)
+            return err;
+        if (enc->sei_a53cc_data != NULL) {
+            enc->sei_a53cc.itu_t_t35_country_code = 181;
+            enc->sei_a53cc.data = (uint8_t *)enc->sei_a53cc_data + 1;
+            enc->sei_a53cc.data_length = sei_a53cc_len - 1;
+
+            hp->units_needed |= UNIT_SEI_A53_CC;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void setup_slices(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                         FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+
+    hp->slice_wt = (StdVideoEncodeH264WeightTable) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH264WeightTableFlags) {
+            .luma_weight_l0_flag = 0,
+            .chroma_weight_l0_flag = 0,
+            .luma_weight_l1_flag = 0,
+            .chroma_weight_l1_flag = 0,
+        },
+        .luma_log2_weight_denom = 0,
+        .chroma_log2_weight_denom = 0,
+        .luma_weight_l0 = { 0 },
+        .luma_offset_l0 = { 0 },
+        .chroma_weight_l0 = { { 0 } },
+        .chroma_offset_l0 = { { 0 } },
+        .luma_weight_l1 = { 0 },
+        .luma_offset_l1 = { 0 },
+        .chroma_weight_l1 = { { 0 } },
+        .chroma_offset_l1 = { { 0 } },
+    };
+
+    hp->slice_hdr = (StdVideoEncodeH264SliceHeader) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH264SliceHeaderFlags) {
+            .direct_spatial_mv_pred_flag = 1,
+            /* The vk_samples code does this */
+            .num_ref_idx_active_override_flag =
+                ((enc->units.raw_pps.num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1) &&
+                 (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_B)) ? 1 : 0,
+        },
+        .first_mb_in_slice = 1,
+        .slice_type = hp->slice_type,
+        .slice_alpha_c0_offset_div2 = 0,
+        .slice_beta_offset_div2 = 0,
+        .slice_qp_delta = 0, /* Filled in below */
+        /* Reserved */
+        .cabac_init_idc = 0,
+        .disable_deblocking_filter_idc = 0,
+        .pWeightTable = NULL, // &hp->slice_wt,
+    };
+
+    hp->vkslice = (VkVideoEncodeH264NaluSliceInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_NALU_SLICE_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = NULL,
+        .constantQp = pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_B ? enc->fixed_qp_b :
+                      pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_P ? enc->fixed_qp_p :
+                                                          enc->fixed_qp_idr,
+        .pStdSliceHeader = &hp->slice_hdr,
+    };
+
+    hp->slice_hdr.slice_qp_delta = hp->vkslice.constantQp -
+                                   (enc->units.raw_pps.pic_init_qp_minus26 + 26);
+
+    if (enc->common.opts.rc_mode != VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_RATE_CONTROL_MODE_DISABLED_BIT_KHR)
+        hp->vkslice.constantQp = 0;
+
+    hp->vkh264pic_info.pNaluSliceEntries = &hp->vkslice;
+    hp->vkh264pic_info.naluSliceEntryCount = 1;
+}
+
+static void vk_enc_h264_default_ref_pic_list(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                             FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic,
+                                             FFHWBaseEncodePicture **rpl0,
+                                             FFHWBaseEncodePicture **rpl1,
+                                             int *rpl_size)
+{
+    FFHWBaseEncodePicture *prev;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture *hp, *hn, *hc;
+    int i, j, n = 0;
+
+    prev = pic->prev;
+    av_assert0(prev);
+    hp = pic->codec_priv;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < pic->prev->nb_dpb_pics; i++) {
+        hn = prev->dpb[i]->codec_priv;
+        av_assert0(hn->frame_num < hp->frame_num);
+
+        if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_P) {
+            for (j = n; j > 0; j--) {
+                hc = rpl0[j - 1]->codec_priv;
+                av_assert0(hc->frame_num != hn->frame_num);
+                if (hc->frame_num > hn->frame_num)
+                    break;
+                rpl0[j] = rpl0[j - 1];
+            }
+            rpl0[j] = prev->dpb[i];
+
+        } else if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_B) {
+            for (j = n; j > 0; j--) {
+                hc = rpl0[j - 1]->codec_priv;
+                av_assert0(hc->pic_order_cnt != hp->pic_order_cnt);
+                if (hc->pic_order_cnt < hp->pic_order_cnt) {
+                    if (hn->pic_order_cnt > hp->pic_order_cnt ||
+                        hn->pic_order_cnt < hc->pic_order_cnt)
+                        break;
+                } else {
+                    if (hn->pic_order_cnt > hc->pic_order_cnt)
+                        break;
+                }
+                rpl0[j] = rpl0[j - 1];
+            }
+            rpl0[j] = prev->dpb[i];
+
+            for (j = n; j > 0; j--) {
+                hc = rpl1[j - 1]->codec_priv;
+                av_assert0(hc->pic_order_cnt != hp->pic_order_cnt);
+                if (hc->pic_order_cnt > hp->pic_order_cnt) {
+                    if (hn->pic_order_cnt < hp->pic_order_cnt ||
+                        hn->pic_order_cnt > hc->pic_order_cnt)
+                        break;
+                } else {
+                    if (hn->pic_order_cnt < hc->pic_order_cnt)
+                        break;
+                }
+                rpl1[j] = rpl1[j - 1];
+            }
+            rpl1[j] = prev->dpb[i];
+        }
+
+        ++n;
+    }
+
+    if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_B) {
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (rpl0[i] != rpl1[i])
+                break;
+        }
+        if (i == n)
+            FFSWAP(FFHWBaseEncodePicture *, rpl1[0], rpl1[1]);
+    }
+
+    if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_P ||
+        pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_B) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Default RefPicList0 for fn=%d/poc=%d:",
+               hp->frame_num, hp->pic_order_cnt);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            hn = rpl0[i]->codec_priv;
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "  fn=%d/poc=%d",
+                   hn->frame_num, hn->pic_order_cnt);
+        }
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "\n");
+    }
+    if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_B) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Default RefPicList1 for fn=%d/poc=%d:",
+               hp->frame_num, hp->pic_order_cnt);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            hn = rpl1[i]->codec_priv;
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "  fn=%d/poc=%d",
+                   hn->frame_num, hn->pic_order_cnt);
+        }
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "\n");
+    }
+
+    *rpl_size = n;
+}
+
+static void setup_refs(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                       FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic,
+                       VkVideoEncodeInfoKHR *encode_info)
+{
+    int idx, n, i, j;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+    FFHWBaseEncodePicture *prev = pic->prev;
+    FFHWBaseEncodePicture *def_l0[MAX_DPB_SIZE], *def_l1[MAX_DPB_SIZE];
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture *href;
+
+    hp->ref_list_info = (StdVideoEncodeH264ReferenceListsInfo) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH264ReferenceListsInfoFlags) {
+            .ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 = 0,
+            .ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 = 0,
+            /* Reserved */
+        },
+        /* May be overridden during setup_slices() */
+        .num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 = pic->nb_refs[0] - 1,
+        .num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 = pic->nb_refs[1] - 1,
+        /* .RefPicList0 is set in vk_enc_h264_default_ref_pic_list() */
+        /* .RefPicList1 is set in vk_enc_h264_default_ref_pic_list() */
+        /* Reserved */
+        .pRefList0ModOperations = NULL, /* All set below */
+        .refList0ModOpCount = 0,
+        .pRefList1ModOperations = NULL,
+        .refList1ModOpCount = 0,
+        .pRefPicMarkingOperations = NULL,
+        .refPicMarkingOpCount = 0,
+    };
+
+    for (i = 0; i < STD_VIDEO_H264_MAX_NUM_LIST_REF; i++)
+        hp->ref_list_info.RefPicList0[i] = hp->ref_list_info.RefPicList1[i] = -1;
+
+    /* Note: really not sure */
+    for (int i = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[0]; i++) {
+        FFHWBaseEncodePicture *ref = pic->refs[0][i];
+        FFVulkanEncodePicture *rvp = ref->priv;
+        VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *slot_info;
+        slot_info = (VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *)&encode_info->pReferenceSlots[i];
+        hp->ref_list_info.RefPicList0[i] = slot_info->slotIndex;
+    }
+
+    /* Note: really not sure */
+    for (int i = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[1]; i++) {
+        FFHWBaseEncodePicture *ref = pic->refs[1][i];
+        FFVulkanEncodePicture *rvp = ref->priv;
+        VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *slot_info;
+        slot_info = (VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *)&encode_info->pReferenceSlots[pic->nb_refs[0] + i];
+        hp->ref_list_info.RefPicList1[i] = slot_info->slotIndex;
+    }
+
+    hp->h264pic_info.pRefLists = &hp->ref_list_info;
+
+    if (pic->is_reference && pic->type != FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR) {
+        FFHWBaseEncodePicture *discard_list[MAX_DPB_SIZE];
+        int discard = 0, keep = 0;
+
+        // Discard everything which is in the DPB of the previous frame but
+        // not in the DPB of this one.
+        for (i = 0; i < prev->nb_dpb_pics; i++) {
+            for (j = 0; j < pic->nb_dpb_pics; j++) {
+                if (prev->dpb[i] == pic->dpb[j])
+                    break;
+            }
+            if (j == pic->nb_dpb_pics) {
+                discard_list[discard] = prev->dpb[i];
+                ++discard;
+            } else {
+                ++keep;
+            }
+        }
+        av_assert0(keep <= enc->units.dpb_frames);
+
+        if (discard == 0) {
+            hp->h264pic_info.flags.adaptive_ref_pic_marking_mode_flag = 0;
+        } else {
+            hp->h264pic_info.flags.adaptive_ref_pic_marking_mode_flag = 1;
+            for (i = 0; i < discard; i++) {
+                VulkanEncodeH264Picture *old = discard_list[i]->codec_priv;
+                av_assert0(old->frame_num < hp->frame_num);
+                hp->mmco[i] = (StdVideoEncodeH264RefPicMarkingEntry) {
+                    .memory_management_control_operation = 1,
+                    .difference_of_pic_nums_minus1 = hp->frame_num - old->frame_num - 1,
+                };
+            }
+            hp->ref_list_info.pRefPicMarkingOperations = hp->mmco;
+            hp->ref_list_info.refPicMarkingOpCount = i - 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_I || pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR)
+        return;
+
+    // If the intended references are not the first entries of RefPicListN
+    // by default, use ref-pic-list-modification to move them there.
+    vk_enc_h264_default_ref_pic_list(avctx, pic,
+                                     def_l0, def_l1, &n);
+
+    if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_P) {
+        int need_rplm = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[0]; i++) {
+            av_assert0(pic->refs[0][i]);
+            if (pic->refs[0][i] != (FFHWBaseEncodePicture *)def_l0[i])
+                need_rplm = 1;
+        }
+
+        hp->ref_list_info.flags.ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 = need_rplm;
+        if (need_rplm) {
+            int pic_num = hp->frame_num;
+            for (i = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[0]; i++) {
+                href = pic->refs[0][i]->codec_priv;
+                av_assert0(href->frame_num != pic_num);
+                if (href->frame_num < pic_num) {
+                    hp->mods[0][i] = (StdVideoEncodeH264RefListModEntry) {
+                        .modification_of_pic_nums_idc = 0,
+                        .abs_diff_pic_num_minus1 = pic_num - href->frame_num - 1,
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    hp->mods[0][i] = (StdVideoEncodeH264RefListModEntry) {
+                        .modification_of_pic_nums_idc = 1,
+                        .abs_diff_pic_num_minus1 = href->frame_num - pic_num - 1,
+                    };
+                }
+                pic_num = href->frame_num;
+            }
+            hp->ref_list_info.pRefList0ModOperations = hp->mods[0];
+            hp->ref_list_info.refList0ModOpCount = i - 1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        int need_rplm_l0 = 0, need_rplm_l1 = 0;
+        int n0 = 0, n1 = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[0]; i++) {
+            av_assert0(pic->refs[0][i]);
+            href = pic->refs[0][i]->codec_priv;
+            av_assert0(href->pic_order_cnt < hp->pic_order_cnt);
+            if (pic->refs[0][i] != (FFHWBaseEncodePicture *)def_l0[n0])
+                need_rplm_l0 = 1;
+            ++n0;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[1]; i++) {
+            av_assert0(pic->refs[1][i]);
+            href = pic->refs[1][i]->codec_priv;
+            av_assert0(href->pic_order_cnt > hp->pic_order_cnt);
+            if (pic->refs[1][i] != (FFHWBaseEncodePicture *)def_l1[n1])
+                need_rplm_l1 = 1;
+            ++n1;
+        }
+
+        hp->ref_list_info.flags.ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 = need_rplm_l0;
+        if (need_rplm_l0) {
+            int pic_num = hp->frame_num;
+            for (i = j = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[0]; i++) {
+                href = pic->refs[0][i]->codec_priv;
+                av_assert0(href->frame_num != pic_num);
+                if (href->frame_num < pic_num) {
+                    hp->mods[0][j] = (StdVideoEncodeH264RefListModEntry) {
+                        .modification_of_pic_nums_idc = 0,
+                        .abs_diff_pic_num_minus1 = pic_num - href->frame_num - 1,
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    hp->mods[0][j] = (StdVideoEncodeH264RefListModEntry) {
+                        .modification_of_pic_nums_idc = 1,
+                        .abs_diff_pic_num_minus1 = href->frame_num - pic_num - 1,
+                    };
+                }
+                pic_num = href->frame_num;
+                ++j;
+            }
+            hp->ref_list_info.pRefList0ModOperations = hp->mods[0];
+            hp->ref_list_info.refList0ModOpCount = j - 1;
+        }
+
+        hp->ref_list_info.flags.ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 = need_rplm_l1;
+        if (need_rplm_l1) {
+            int pic_num = hp->frame_num;
+            for (i = j = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[1]; i++) {
+                href = pic->refs[1][i]->codec_priv;
+                av_assert0(href->frame_num != pic_num);
+                if (href->frame_num < pic_num) {
+                    hp->mods[1][j] = (StdVideoEncodeH264RefListModEntry) {
+                        .modification_of_pic_nums_idc = 0,
+                        .abs_diff_pic_num_minus1 = pic_num - href->frame_num - 1,
+                    };
+                } else {
+                    hp->mods[1][j] = (StdVideoEncodeH264RefListModEntry) {
+                        .modification_of_pic_nums_idc = 1,
+                        .abs_diff_pic_num_minus1 = href->frame_num - pic_num - 1,
+                    };
+                }
+                pic_num = href->frame_num;
+                ++j;
+            }
+            hp->ref_list_info.pRefList1ModOperations = hp->mods[1];
+            hp->ref_list_info.refList1ModOpCount = j - 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static int init_pic_params(AVCodecContext *avctx, FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic,
+                           VkVideoEncodeInfoKHR *encode_info)
+{
+    int err;
+    FFVulkanEncodePicture *vp = pic->priv;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+    VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *ref_slot;
+
+    err = vk_enc_h264_update_pic_info(avctx, pic);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    hp->vkh264pic_info = (VkVideoEncodeH264PictureInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_PICTURE_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = NULL,
+        .pNaluSliceEntries = NULL, // Filled in during setup_slices()
+        .naluSliceEntryCount = 0, // Filled in during setup_slices()
+        .pStdPictureInfo = &hp->h264pic_info,
+    };
+
+    hp->h264pic_info = (StdVideoEncodeH264PictureInfo) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH264PictureInfoFlags) {
+            .IdrPicFlag = pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR,
+            .is_reference = pic->is_reference,
+            .no_output_of_prior_pics_flag = 0,
+            .long_term_reference_flag = 0,
+            .adaptive_ref_pic_marking_mode_flag = 0, // Filled in during setup_refs()
+            /* Reserved */
+        },
+        .seq_parameter_set_id = 0,
+        .pic_parameter_set_id = 0,
+        .idr_pic_id = hp->idr_pic_id,
+        .primary_pic_type = pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_P ? STD_VIDEO_H264_PICTURE_TYPE_P :
+                            pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_B ? STD_VIDEO_H264_PICTURE_TYPE_B :
+                            pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_I ? STD_VIDEO_H264_PICTURE_TYPE_I :
+                                                                STD_VIDEO_H264_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR,
+        .frame_num = hp->frame_num,
+        .PicOrderCnt = hp->pic_order_cnt,
+        .temporal_id = 0, /* ? */
+        /* Reserved */
+        .pRefLists = NULL, // Filled in during setup_refs
+    };
+    encode_info->pNext = &hp->vkh264pic_info;
+
+    hp->h264dpb_info = (StdVideoEncodeH264ReferenceInfo) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH264ReferenceInfoFlags) {
+            .used_for_long_term_reference = 0,
+            /* Reserved */
+        },
+        .primary_pic_type = hp->h264pic_info.primary_pic_type,
+        .FrameNum = hp->h264pic_info.frame_num,
+        .PicOrderCnt = hp->h264pic_info.PicOrderCnt,
+        .long_term_pic_num = 0,
+        .long_term_frame_idx = 0,
+        .temporal_id = hp->h264pic_info.temporal_id,
+    };
+    hp->vkh264dpb_info = (VkVideoEncodeH264DpbSlotInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_DPB_SLOT_INFO_KHR,
+        .pStdReferenceInfo = &hp->h264dpb_info,
+    };
+
+    vp->dpb_slot.pNext = &hp->vkh264dpb_info;
+
+    ref_slot = (VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *)encode_info->pSetupReferenceSlot;
+    ref_slot->pNext = &hp->vkh264dpb_info;
+
+    setup_refs(avctx, pic, encode_info);
+
+    setup_slices(avctx, pic);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int init_profile(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                        VkVideoProfileInfoKHR *profile, void *pnext)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFVulkanContext *s = &ctx->s;
+    FFVulkanFunctions *vk = &ctx->s.vkfn;
+    VkVideoEncodeH264CapabilitiesKHR h264_caps = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITIES_KHR,
+    };
+    VkVideoEncodeCapabilitiesKHR enc_caps = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_CAPABILITIES_KHR,
+        .pNext = &h264_caps,
+    };
+    VkVideoCapabilitiesKHR caps = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPABILITIES_KHR,
+        .pNext = &enc_caps,
+    };
+
+    /* In order of preference */
+    int last_supported = AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN;
+    static const int known_profiles[] = {
+        AV_PROFILE_H264_CONSTRAINED_BASELINE,
+        AV_PROFILE_H264_MAIN,
+        AV_PROFILE_H264_HIGH,
+        AV_PROFILE_H264_HIGH_10,
+    };
+
+    enc->profile = (VkVideoEncodeH264ProfileInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_PROFILE_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = pnext,
+        .stdProfileIdc = ff_vk_h264_profile_to_vk(avctx->profile),
+    };
+    profile->pNext = &enc->profile;
+
+    /* User has explicitly specified a profile. */
+    if (avctx->profile != AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN)
+        return 0;
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Supported profiles:\n");
+    for (int i = 0; i < FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(known_profiles); i++) {
+        enc->profile.stdProfileIdc = ff_vk_h264_profile_to_vk(known_profiles[i]);
+        ret = vk->GetPhysicalDeviceVideoCapabilitiesKHR(s->hwctx->phys_dev,
+                                                        profile,
+                                                        &caps);
+        if (ret == VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "    %s\n",
+                   avcodec_profile_name(avctx->codec_id, known_profiles[i]));
+            last_supported = known_profiles[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (last_supported == AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "No supported profiles for given format\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOTSUP);
+    }
+
+    enc->profile.stdProfileIdc = ff_vk_h264_profile_to_vk(last_supported);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using profile %s\n",
+           avcodec_profile_name(avctx->codec_id, last_supported));
+    avctx->profile = last_supported;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int init_enc_options(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH264Opts *unit_opts = &enc->unit_opts;
+
+    if (avctx->rc_buffer_size)
+        unit_opts->hrd_buffer_size = avctx->rc_buffer_size;
+    else if (avctx->rc_max_rate > 0)
+        unit_opts->hrd_buffer_size = avctx->rc_max_rate;
+    else
+        unit_opts->hrd_buffer_size = avctx->bit_rate;
+
+    if (avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy) {
+        if (avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy > unit_opts->hrd_buffer_size) {
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid RC buffer settings: "
+                                        "must have initial buffer size (%d) <= "
+                                        "buffer size (%"PRId64").\n",
+                   avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy, unit_opts->hrd_buffer_size);
+            return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+        }
+        unit_opts->initial_buffer_fullness = avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy;
+    } else {
+        unit_opts->initial_buffer_fullness = unit_opts->hrd_buffer_size * 3 / 4;
+    }
+
+    if (enc->common.opts.rc_mode == VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_RATE_CONTROL_MODE_DISABLED_BIT_KHR) {
+        enc->fixed_qp_p = av_clip(enc->common.opts.qp, 0, 51);
+        if (avctx->i_quant_factor > 0.0)
+            unit_opts->fixed_qp_idr = av_clip((avctx->i_quant_factor * enc->fixed_qp_p +
+                                               avctx->i_quant_offset) + 0.5, 0, 51);
+        else
+            unit_opts->fixed_qp_idr = enc->fixed_qp_p;
+
+        if (avctx->b_quant_factor > 0.0)
+            enc->fixed_qp_b = av_clip((avctx->b_quant_factor * enc->fixed_qp_p +
+                                       avctx->b_quant_offset) + 0.5, 0, 51);
+        else
+            enc->fixed_qp_b = enc->fixed_qp_p;
+
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Using fixed QP = "
+               "%d / %d / %d for IDR- / P- / B-frames.\n",
+               unit_opts->fixed_qp_idr, enc->fixed_qp_p, enc->fixed_qp_b);
+    } else {
+        unit_opts->fixed_qp_idr = 26;
+        enc->fixed_qp_p = 26;
+        enc->fixed_qp_b = 26;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static av_cold int init_sequence_headers(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH264 *units = &enc->units;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH264Opts *unit_opts = &enc->unit_opts;
+
+    unit_opts->bit_rate  = avctx->bit_rate;
+    unit_opts->mb_width  = FFALIGN(avctx->width,  16) / 16;
+    unit_opts->mb_height = FFALIGN(avctx->height, 16) / 16;
+    unit_opts->flags     = enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_TIMING ? FF_HW_H264_SEI_TIMING : 0;
+
+    /* cabac already set via an option */
+    /* fixed_qp_idr initialized in init_enc_options() */
+    /* hrd_buffer_size initialized in init_enc_options() */
+    /* initial_buffer_fullness initialized in init_enc_options() */
+
+    err = ff_hw_base_encode_init_params_h264(&enc->common.base, avctx,
+                                             units, unit_opts);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    units->raw_sps.seq_scaling_matrix_present_flag =
+        !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_SCALING_MATRIX_PRESENT_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR);
+    units->raw_pps.pic_scaling_matrix_present_flag =
+        !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_SCALING_MATRIX_PRESENT_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR);
+    units->raw_pps.transform_8x8_mode_flag =
+        !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_TRANSFORM_8X8_MODE_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct VulkanH264Units {
+    StdVideoH264SequenceParameterSet    vksps;
+    StdVideoH264ScalingLists            vksps_scaling;
+    StdVideoH264HrdParameters           vksps_vui_header;
+    StdVideoH264SequenceParameterSetVui vksps_vui;
+
+    StdVideoH264PictureParameterSet     vkpps;
+    StdVideoH264ScalingLists            vkpps_scaling;
+} VulkanH264Units;
+
+static av_cold int base_unit_to_vk(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                   VulkanH264Units *vk_units)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeContext *base_ctx = &ctx->base;
+
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH264 *units = &enc->units;
+
+    H264RawSPS                          *sps = &units->raw_sps;
+    H264RawHRD                          *hrd = &sps->vui.nal_hrd_parameters;
+    StdVideoH264ScalingLists            *vksps_scaling = &vk_units->vksps_scaling;
+    StdVideoH264HrdParameters           *vksps_vui_header = &vk_units->vksps_vui_header;
+    StdVideoH264SequenceParameterSetVui *vksps_vui = &vk_units->vksps_vui;
+    StdVideoH264SequenceParameterSet    *vksps = &vk_units->vksps;
+
+    H264RawPPS                          *pps = &units->raw_pps;
+    StdVideoH264ScalingLists            *vkpps_scaling = &vk_units->vkpps_scaling;
+    StdVideoH264PictureParameterSet     *vkpps = &vk_units->vkpps;
+
+    *vksps_scaling = (StdVideoH264ScalingLists) {
+        .scaling_list_present_mask = 0x0, // mask
+        .use_default_scaling_matrix_mask = 1,
+    };
+
+    *vksps_vui_header = (StdVideoH264HrdParameters) {
+        .cpb_cnt_minus1 = hrd->cpb_cnt_minus1,
+        .bit_rate_scale = hrd->bit_rate_scale,
+        .cpb_size_scale = hrd->cpb_size_scale,
+        /* Reserved */
+        /* bit_rate/cpb_size/cbr_flag set below */
+        .initial_cpb_removal_delay_length_minus1 = hrd->initial_cpb_removal_delay_length_minus1,
+        .cpb_removal_delay_length_minus1 = hrd->cpb_removal_delay_length_minus1,
+        .dpb_output_delay_length_minus1 = hrd->dpb_output_delay_length_minus1,
+        .time_offset_length = hrd->time_offset_length,
+    };
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < H264_MAX_CPB_CNT; i++) {
+        vksps_vui_header->bit_rate_value_minus1[i] = hrd->bit_rate_value_minus1[i];
+        vksps_vui_header->cpb_size_value_minus1[i] = hrd->cpb_size_value_minus1[i];
+        vksps_vui_header->cbr_flag[i] = hrd->cbr_flag[i];
+    }
+
+    *vksps_vui = (StdVideoH264SequenceParameterSetVui) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH264SpsVuiFlags) {
+            .aspect_ratio_info_present_flag = sps->vui.aspect_ratio_info_present_flag,
+            .overscan_info_present_flag = sps->vui.overscan_info_present_flag,
+            .overscan_appropriate_flag = sps->vui.overscan_appropriate_flag,
+            .video_signal_type_present_flag = sps->vui.video_signal_type_present_flag,
+            .video_full_range_flag = sps->vui.video_full_range_flag,
+            .color_description_present_flag = sps->vui.colour_description_present_flag,
+            .chroma_loc_info_present_flag = sps->vui.chroma_loc_info_present_flag,
+            .timing_info_present_flag = sps->vui.timing_info_present_flag,
+            .fixed_frame_rate_flag = sps->vui.fixed_frame_rate_flag,
+            .bitstream_restriction_flag = sps->vui.bitstream_restriction_flag,
+            .nal_hrd_parameters_present_flag = sps->vui.nal_hrd_parameters_present_flag,
+            .vcl_hrd_parameters_present_flag = sps->vui.vcl_hrd_parameters_present_flag,
+        },
+        .aspect_ratio_idc = sps->vui.aspect_ratio_idc,
+        .sar_width = sps->vui.sar_width,
+        .sar_height = sps->vui.sar_height,
+        .video_format = sps->vui.video_format,
+        .colour_primaries = sps->vui.colour_primaries,
+        .transfer_characteristics = sps->vui.transfer_characteristics,
+        .matrix_coefficients = sps->vui.matrix_coefficients,
+        .num_units_in_tick = sps->vui.num_units_in_tick,
+        .time_scale = sps->vui.time_scale,
+        .max_num_reorder_frames = sps->vui.max_num_reorder_frames,
+        .max_dec_frame_buffering = sps->vui.max_dec_frame_buffering,
+        .chroma_sample_loc_type_top_field = sps->vui.chroma_sample_loc_type_top_field,
+        .chroma_sample_loc_type_bottom_field = sps->vui.chroma_sample_loc_type_bottom_field,
+        /* Reserved */
+        .pHrdParameters = vksps_vui_header,
+    };
+
+    *vksps = (StdVideoH264SequenceParameterSet) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH264SpsFlags) {
+            .constraint_set0_flag = sps->constraint_set0_flag,
+            .constraint_set1_flag = sps->constraint_set1_flag,
+            .constraint_set2_flag = sps->constraint_set2_flag,
+            .constraint_set3_flag = sps->constraint_set3_flag,
+            .constraint_set4_flag = sps->constraint_set4_flag,
+            .constraint_set5_flag = sps->constraint_set5_flag,
+            .direct_8x8_inference_flag = sps->direct_8x8_inference_flag,
+            .mb_adaptive_frame_field_flag = sps->mb_adaptive_frame_field_flag,
+            .frame_mbs_only_flag = sps->frame_mbs_only_flag,
+            .delta_pic_order_always_zero_flag = sps->delta_pic_order_always_zero_flag,
+            .separate_colour_plane_flag = sps->separate_colour_plane_flag,
+            .gaps_in_frame_num_value_allowed_flag = sps->gaps_in_frame_num_allowed_flag,
+            .qpprime_y_zero_transform_bypass_flag = sps->qpprime_y_zero_transform_bypass_flag,
+            .frame_cropping_flag = sps->frame_cropping_flag,
+            .seq_scaling_matrix_present_flag = sps->seq_scaling_matrix_present_flag,
+            .vui_parameters_present_flag = sps->vui_parameters_present_flag,
+        },
+        .profile_idc = ff_vk_h264_profile_to_vk(sps->profile_idc),
+        .level_idc = ff_vk_h264_level_to_vk(sps->level_idc),
+        .chroma_format_idc = sps->chroma_format_idc,
+        .seq_parameter_set_id = sps->seq_parameter_set_id,
+        .bit_depth_luma_minus8 = sps->bit_depth_luma_minus8,
+        .bit_depth_chroma_minus8 = sps->bit_depth_chroma_minus8,
+        .log2_max_frame_num_minus4 = sps->log2_max_frame_num_minus4,
+        .pic_order_cnt_type = sps->pic_order_cnt_type,
+        .offset_for_non_ref_pic = sps->offset_for_non_ref_pic,
+        .offset_for_top_to_bottom_field = sps->offset_for_top_to_bottom_field,
+        .log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 = sps->log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4,
+        .num_ref_frames_in_pic_order_cnt_cycle = sps->num_ref_frames_in_pic_order_cnt_cycle,
+        .max_num_ref_frames = sps->max_num_ref_frames,
+        /* Reserved */
+        .pic_width_in_mbs_minus1 = sps->pic_width_in_mbs_minus1,
+        .pic_height_in_map_units_minus1 = sps->pic_height_in_map_units_minus1,
+        .frame_crop_left_offset = sps->frame_crop_left_offset,
+        .frame_crop_right_offset = sps->frame_crop_right_offset,
+        .frame_crop_top_offset = sps->frame_crop_top_offset,
+        .frame_crop_bottom_offset = sps->frame_crop_bottom_offset,
+        /* Reserved */
+        .pOffsetForRefFrame = sps->offset_for_ref_frame,
+        .pScalingLists = vksps_scaling,
+        .pSequenceParameterSetVui = vksps_vui,
+    };
+
+    *vkpps_scaling = (StdVideoH264ScalingLists) {
+        .scaling_list_present_mask = 0x0, // mask
+        .use_default_scaling_matrix_mask = 1,
+    };
+
+    *vkpps = (StdVideoH264PictureParameterSet) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH264PpsFlags) {
+            .transform_8x8_mode_flag = pps->transform_8x8_mode_flag,
+            .redundant_pic_cnt_present_flag = pps->redundant_pic_cnt_present_flag,
+            .constrained_intra_pred_flag = pps->constrained_intra_pred_flag,
+            .deblocking_filter_control_present_flag = pps->deblocking_filter_control_present_flag,
+            .weighted_pred_flag = pps->weighted_pred_flag,
+            .bottom_field_pic_order_in_frame_present_flag = pps->bottom_field_pic_order_in_frame_present_flag,
+            .entropy_coding_mode_flag = pps->entropy_coding_mode_flag,
+            .pic_scaling_matrix_present_flag = pps->pic_scaling_matrix_present_flag,
+        },
+        .seq_parameter_set_id = pps->seq_parameter_set_id,
+        .pic_parameter_set_id = pps->pic_parameter_set_id,
+        .num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1 = pps->num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1,
+        .num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1 = pps->num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1,
+        .weighted_bipred_idc = pps->weighted_bipred_idc,
+        .pic_init_qp_minus26 = pps->pic_init_qp_minus26,
+        .pic_init_qs_minus26 = pps->pic_init_qs_minus26,
+        .chroma_qp_index_offset = pps->chroma_qp_index_offset,
+        .second_chroma_qp_index_offset = pps->second_chroma_qp_index_offset,
+        .pScalingLists = vkpps_scaling,
+    };
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int create_session_params(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFVulkanContext *s = &ctx->s;
+    FFVulkanFunctions *vk = &ctx->s.vkfn;
+
+    VulkanH264Units vk_units = { 0 };
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH264SessionParametersAddInfoKHR h264_params_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH264SessionParametersCreateInfoKHR h264_params;
+    VkVideoSessionParametersCreateInfoKHR session_params_create;
+
+    /* Convert it to Vulkan */
+    err = base_unit_to_vk(avctx, &vk_units);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to convert SPS/PPS units to Vulkan: %s\n",
+               av_err2str(err));
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    /* Destroy the session params */
+    if (ctx->session_params)
+        vk->DestroyVideoSessionParametersKHR(s->hwctx->act_dev,
+                                             ctx->session_params,
+                                             s->hwctx->alloc);
+
+    h264_params_info = (VkVideoEncodeH264SessionParametersAddInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_SESSION_PARAMETERS_ADD_INFO_KHR,
+        .pStdSPSs = &vk_units.vksps,
+        .stdSPSCount = 1,
+        .pStdPPSs = &vk_units.vkpps,
+        .stdPPSCount = 1,
+    };
+    h264_params = (VkVideoEncodeH264SessionParametersCreateInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_SESSION_PARAMETERS_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+        .maxStdSPSCount = 1,
+        .maxStdPPSCount = 1,
+        .pParametersAddInfo = &h264_params_info,
+    };
+    session_params_create = (VkVideoSessionParametersCreateInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_SESSION_PARAMETERS_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = &h264_params,
+        .videoSession = ctx->common.session,
+        .videoSessionParametersTemplate = NULL,
+    };
+
+    /* Create session parameters */
+    ret = vk->CreateVideoSessionParametersKHR(s->hwctx->act_dev, &session_params_create,
+                                              s->hwctx->alloc, &ctx->session_params);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to create Vulkan video session parameters: %s!\n",
+               ff_vk_ret2str(ret));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_feedback_units(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                const uint8_t *data, size_t size,
+                                int sps_override, int pps_override)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    CodedBitstreamContext *cbs;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment au = { 0 };
+
+    err = ff_cbs_init(&cbs, AV_CODEC_ID_H264, avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    err = ff_cbs_read(cbs, &au, data, size);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to parse feedback units, bad drivers: %s\n",
+               av_err2str(err));
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    /* If PPS has an override, just copy it entirely. */
+    if (pps_override) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < au.nb_units; i++) {
+            if (au.units[i].type == H264_NAL_PPS) {
+                H264RawPPS *pps = au.units[i].content;
+                memcpy(&enc->units.raw_pps, pps, sizeof(*pps));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    ff_cbs_fragment_free(&au);
+    ff_cbs_close(&cbs);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int init_base_units(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFVulkanContext *s = &ctx->s;
+    FFVulkanFunctions *vk = &ctx->s.vkfn;
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH264SessionParametersGetInfoKHR h264_params_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeSessionParametersGetInfoKHR params_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH264SessionParametersFeedbackInfoKHR h264_params_feedback;
+    VkVideoEncodeSessionParametersFeedbackInfoKHR params_feedback;
+
+    void *data = NULL;
+    size_t data_size = 0;
+
+    /* Generate SPS/PPS unit info */
+    err = init_sequence_headers(avctx);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to initialize SPS/PPS units: %s\n",
+               av_err2str(err));
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    /* Create session parameters from them */
+    err = create_session_params(avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    h264_params_info = (VkVideoEncodeH264SessionParametersGetInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_SESSION_PARAMETERS_GET_INFO_KHR,
+        .writeStdSPS = 1,
+        .writeStdPPS = 1,
+        .stdSPSId = enc->units.raw_sps.seq_parameter_set_id,
+        .stdPPSId = enc->units.raw_pps.pic_parameter_set_id,
+    };
+    params_info = (VkVideoEncodeSessionParametersGetInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_SESSION_PARAMETERS_GET_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = &h264_params_info,
+        .videoSessionParameters = ctx->session_params,
+    };
+
+    h264_params_feedback = (VkVideoEncodeH264SessionParametersFeedbackInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_SESSION_PARAMETERS_FEEDBACK_INFO_KHR,
+    };
+    params_feedback = (VkVideoEncodeSessionParametersFeedbackInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_SESSION_PARAMETERS_FEEDBACK_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = &h264_params_feedback,
+    };
+
+    ret = vk->GetEncodedVideoSessionParametersKHR(s->hwctx->act_dev, &params_info,
+                                                  &params_feedback,
+                                                  &data_size, data);
+    if (ret == VK_INCOMPLETE ||
+        (ret == VK_SUCCESS) && (data_size > 0)) {
+        data = av_mallocz(data_size);
+        if (!data)
+            return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    } else {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to get feedback for H.264 units = %lu\n", data_size);
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    ret = vk->GetEncodedVideoSessionParametersKHR(s->hwctx->act_dev, &params_info,
+                                                  &params_feedback,
+                                                  &data_size, data);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Error writing feedback units\n");
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Feedback units written, overrides: %i (SPS: %i PPS: %i)\n",
+           params_feedback.hasOverrides,
+           h264_params_feedback.hasStdSPSOverrides,
+           h264_params_feedback.hasStdPPSOverrides);
+
+    params_feedback.hasOverrides = 1;
+    h264_params_feedback.hasStdPPSOverrides = 1;
+
+    /* No need to sync any overrides */
+    if (!params_feedback.hasOverrides)
+        return 0;
+
+    /* Parse back tne units and override */
+    err = parse_feedback_units(avctx, data, data_size,
+                               h264_params_feedback.hasStdSPSOverrides,
+                               h264_params_feedback.hasStdPPSOverrides);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Create final session parameters */
+    err = create_session_params(avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_encode_h264_add_nal(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                      CodedBitstreamFragment *au,
+                                      void *nal_unit)
+{
+    H264RawNALUnitHeader *header = nal_unit;
+
+    int err = ff_cbs_insert_unit_content(au, -1,
+                                         header->nal_unit_type, nal_unit, NULL);
+    if (err < 0)
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to add NAL unit: "
+               "type = %d.\n", header->nal_unit_type);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int write_access_unit(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                             uint8_t *data, size_t *data_len,
+                             CodedBitstreamFragment *au)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    int err = ff_cbs_write_fragment_data(enc->cbs, au);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to write packed header.\n");
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    if (*data_len < au->data_size) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Access unit too large: %zu < %zu.\n",
+               *data_len, au->data_size);
+        return AVERROR(ENOSPC);
+    }
+
+    memcpy(data, au->data, au->data_size);
+    *data_len = au->data_size;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int write_sequence_header(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                 FFHWBaseEncodePicture *base_pic,
+                                 uint8_t *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture  *hp = base_pic ? base_pic->codec_priv : NULL;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment   *au = &enc->current_access_unit;
+
+    if (hp && hp->units_needed & UNIT_AUD) {
+        err = vulkan_encode_h264_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->raw_aud);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+        hp->units_needed &= ~UNIT_AUD;
+    }
+
+    err = vulkan_encode_h264_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->units.raw_sps);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = vulkan_encode_h264_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->units.raw_pps);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = write_access_unit(avctx, data, data_len, au);
+fail:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(au);
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int write_extra_headers(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                               FFHWBaseEncodePicture *base_pic,
+                               uint8_t *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Picture  *hp = base_pic->codec_priv;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment   *au = &enc->current_access_unit;
+
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_AUD) {
+        err = vulkan_encode_h264_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->raw_aud);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+        hp->units_needed &= ~UNIT_AUD;
+    }
+
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_SEI_IDENTIFIER) {
+        err = ff_cbs_sei_add_message(enc->cbs, au, 1,
+                                     SEI_TYPE_USER_DATA_UNREGISTERED,
+                                     &enc->sei_identifier, NULL);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_SEI_TIMING) {
+        if (base_pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR) {
+            err = ff_cbs_sei_add_message(enc->cbs, au, 1,
+                                         SEI_TYPE_BUFFERING_PERIOD,
+                                         &enc->units.sei_buffering_period, NULL);
+            if (err < 0)
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        err = ff_cbs_sei_add_message(enc->cbs, au, 1,
+                                     SEI_TYPE_PIC_TIMING,
+                                     &enc->sei_pic_timing, NULL);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_SEI_RECOVERY) {
+        err = ff_cbs_sei_add_message(enc->cbs, au, 1,
+                                     SEI_TYPE_RECOVERY_POINT,
+                                     &enc->sei_recovery_point, NULL);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_SEI_A53_CC) {
+        err = ff_cbs_sei_add_message(enc->cbs, au, 1,
+                                     SEI_TYPE_USER_DATA_REGISTERED_ITU_T_T35,
+                                     &enc->sei_a53cc, NULL);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (hp->units_needed) {
+        err = write_access_unit(avctx, data, data_len, au);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+
+fail:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(au);
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int write_filler(AVCodecContext *avctx, uint32_t filler,
+                        uint8_t *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment   *au = &enc->current_access_unit;
+
+    H264RawFiller raw_filler = {
+        .nal_unit_header = {
+            .nal_unit_type = H264_NAL_FILLER_DATA,
+        },
+        .filler_size = filler,
+    };
+
+    err = vulkan_encode_h264_add_nal(avctx, au, &raw_filler);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = write_access_unit(avctx, data, data_len, au);
+fail:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(au);
+    return err;
+}
+
+static const FFVulkanCodec enc_cb = {
+    .flags = FF_HW_FLAG_B_PICTURES |
+             FF_HW_FLAG_B_PICTURE_REFERENCES |
+             FF_HW_FLAG_NON_IDR_KEY_PICTURES |
+             FF_HW_FLAG_SLICE_CONTROL,
+    .picture_priv_data_size = sizeof(VulkanEncodeH264Picture),
+    .filler_header_size = 6,
+    .init_profile = init_profile,
+    .init_pic_rc = init_pic_rc,
+    .init_pic_params = init_pic_params,
+    .write_sequence_headers = write_sequence_header,
+    .write_extra_headers = write_extra_headers,
+    .write_filler = write_filler,
+};
+
+static av_cold int vulkan_encode_h264_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    int err, ref_l0, ref_l1;
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFVulkanContext *s = &ctx->s;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeContext *base_ctx = &ctx->base;
+    int flags;
+
+    if (avctx->profile == AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN)
+        avctx->profile = enc->common.opts.profile;
+
+    enc->caps = (VkVideoEncodeH264CapabilitiesKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITIES_KHR,
+    };
+
+    enc->quality_props = (VkVideoEncodeH264QualityLevelPropertiesKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_QUALITY_LEVEL_PROPERTIES_KHR,
+    };
+
+    err = ff_vulkan_encode_init(avctx, &enc->common,
+                                &ff_vk_enc_h264_desc, &enc_cb,
+                                &enc->caps, &enc->quality_props);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "H264 encoder capabilities:\n");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    Standard capability flags:\n");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        separate_color_plane: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_SEPARATE_COLOR_PLANE_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        qprime_y_zero_transform_bypass: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_QPPRIME_Y_ZERO_TRANSFORM_BYPASS_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        scaling_lists: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_SCALING_MATRIX_PRESENT_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        chroma_qp_index_offset: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_CHROMA_QP_INDEX_OFFSET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        second_chroma_qp_index_offset: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_SECOND_CHROMA_QP_INDEX_OFFSET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        pic_init_qp: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_PIC_INIT_QP_MINUS26_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        weighted:%s%s%s\n",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_WEIGHTED_PRED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR ?
+               " pred" : "",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_WEIGHTED_BIPRED_IDC_EXPLICIT_BIT_KHR ?
+               " bipred_explicit" : "",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_WEIGHTED_BIPRED_IDC_IMPLICIT_BIT_KHR ?
+               " bipred_implicit" : "");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        8x8_transforms: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_TRANSFORM_8X8_MODE_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        disable_direct_spatial_mv_pred: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_DIRECT_SPATIAL_MV_PRED_FLAG_UNSET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        coder:%s%s\n",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_ENTROPY_CODING_MODE_FLAG_UNSET_BIT_KHR ?
+               " cabac" : "",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_ENTROPY_CODING_MODE_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR ?
+               " cavlc" : "");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        direct_8x8_inference: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_DIRECT_8X8_INFERENCE_FLAG_UNSET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        constrained_intra_pred: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_CONSTRAINED_INTRA_PRED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        deblock:%s%s%s\n",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_DEBLOCKING_FILTER_DISABLED_BIT_KHR ?
+               " filter_disabling" : "",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_DEBLOCKING_FILTER_ENABLED_BIT_KHR ?
+               " filter_enabling" : "",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_STD_DEBLOCKING_FILTER_PARTIAL_BIT_KHR ?
+               " filter_partial" : "");
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    Capability flags:\n");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        hdr_compliance: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_HRD_COMPLIANCE_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        pred_weight_table_generated: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_PREDICTION_WEIGHT_TABLE_GENERATED_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        row_unaligned_slice: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_ROW_UNALIGNED_SLICE_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        different_slice_type: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_DIFFERENT_SLICE_TYPE_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        b_frame_in_l0_list: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_B_FRAME_IN_L0_LIST_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        b_frame_in_l1_list: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_B_FRAME_IN_L1_LIST_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        per_pict_type_min_max_qp: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_PER_PICTURE_TYPE_MIN_MAX_QP_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        per_slice_constant_qp: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_PER_SLICE_CONSTANT_QP_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        generate_prefix_nalu: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_GENERATE_PREFIX_NALU_BIT_KHR));
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    Capabilities:\n");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        maxLevelIdc: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxLevelIdc);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        maxSliceCount: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxSliceCount);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    max(P/B)PictureL0ReferenceCount: %i P's; %i B's\n",
+           enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount,
+           enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    maxL1ReferenceCount: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    maxTemporalLayerCount: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxTemporalLayerCount);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    expectDyadicTemporalLayerPattern: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.expectDyadicTemporalLayerPattern);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    min/max Qp: [%i, %i]\n",
+           enc->caps.maxQp, enc->caps.minQp);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    prefersGopRemainingFrames: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.prefersGopRemainingFrames);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    requiresGopRemainingFrames: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.requiresGopRemainingFrames);
+
+    err = init_enc_options(avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    flags = ctx->codec->flags;
+    if (!enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount &&
+        !enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount &&
+        !enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount) {
+        /* Intra-only */
+        flags |= FF_HW_FLAG_INTRA_ONLY;
+        ref_l0 = ref_l1 = 0;
+    } else if (!enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount) {
+        /* No P-frames? How. */
+        base_ctx->p_to_gpb = 1;
+        ref_l0 = enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount;
+        ref_l1 = enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount;
+    } else if (!enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount &&
+               !enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount) {
+        /* No B-frames */
+        flags &= ~(FF_HW_FLAG_B_PICTURES | FF_HW_FLAG_B_PICTURE_REFERENCES);
+        ref_l0 = enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount;
+        ref_l1 = 0;
+    } else {
+        /* P and B frames */
+        ref_l0 = FFMIN(enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount,
+                       enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount);
+        ref_l1 = enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount;
+    }
+
+    err = ff_hw_base_init_gop_structure(base_ctx, avctx, ref_l0, ref_l1,
+                                        flags, 0);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    base_ctx->output_delay = base_ctx->b_per_p;
+    base_ctx->decode_delay = base_ctx->max_b_depth;
+
+    /* Create units and session parameters */
+    err = init_base_units(avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Prepare SEI */
+    if (enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_IDENTIFIER) {
+        int len;
+
+        memcpy(enc->sei_identifier.uuid_iso_iec_11578,
+               vulkan_encode_h264_sei_identifier_uuid,
+               sizeof(enc->sei_identifier.uuid_iso_iec_11578));
+
+        len = snprintf(NULL, 0,
+                       "%s / Vulkan video %i.%i.%i / %s %i.%i.%i / %s",
+                       LIBAVCODEC_IDENT,
+                       CODEC_VER(ff_vk_enc_h264_desc.ext_props.specVersion),
+                       s->driver_props.driverName,
+                       CODEC_VER(s->props.properties.driverVersion),
+                       s->props.properties.deviceName);
+
+        if (len >= 0) {
+            enc->sei_identifier_string = av_malloc(len + 1);
+            if (!enc->sei_identifier_string)
+                return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+            len = snprintf(enc->sei_identifier_string, len + 1,
+                           "%s / Vulkan video %i.%i.%i / %s %i.%i.%i / %s",
+                           LIBAVCODEC_IDENT,
+                           CODEC_VER(ff_vk_enc_h264_desc.ext_props.specVersion),
+                           s->driver_props.driverName,
+                           CODEC_VER(s->props.properties.driverVersion),
+                           s->props.properties.deviceName);
+
+            enc->sei_identifier.data        = enc->sei_identifier_string;
+            enc->sei_identifier.data_length = len + 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Init CBS */
+    err = ff_cbs_init(&enc->cbs, AV_CODEC_ID_H264, avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Write extradata if needed */
+    if (avctx->flags & AV_CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER) {
+        uint8_t data[4096];
+        size_t data_len = sizeof(data);
+
+        err = write_sequence_header(avctx, NULL, data, &data_len);
+        if (err < 0) {
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to write sequence header "
+                   "for extradata: %d.\n", err);
+            return err;
+        } else {
+            avctx->extradata_size = data_len;
+            avctx->extradata = av_mallocz(avctx->extradata_size +
+                                          AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE);
+            if (!avctx->extradata) {
+                err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+                return err;
+            }
+            memcpy(avctx->extradata, data, avctx->extradata_size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static av_cold int vulkan_encode_h264_close(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH264Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    ff_vulkan_encode_uninit(&enc->common);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#define OFFSET(x) offsetof(VulkanEncodeH264Context, x)
+#define FLAGS (AV_OPT_FLAG_VIDEO_PARAM | AV_OPT_FLAG_ENCODING_PARAM)
+static const AVOption vulkan_encode_h264_options[] = {
+    HW_BASE_ENCODE_COMMON_OPTIONS,
+    VULKAN_ENCODE_COMMON_OPTIONS,
+
+    { "profile", "Set profile (profile_idc and constraint_set*_flag)",
+      OFFSET(common.opts.profile), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT,
+      { .i64 = AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN }, AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN, 0xffff, FLAGS, .unit = "profile" },
+
+#define PROFILE(name, value)  name, NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, \
+      { .i64 = value }, 0, 0, FLAGS, .unit = "profile"
+    { PROFILE("constrained_baseline", AV_PROFILE_H264_CONSTRAINED_BASELINE) },
+    { PROFILE("main",                 AV_PROFILE_H264_MAIN) },
+    { PROFILE("high",                 AV_PROFILE_H264_HIGH) },
+    { PROFILE("high444p",             AV_PROFILE_H264_HIGH_10) },
+#undef PROFILE
+
+    { "level", "Set level (level_idc)",
+      OFFSET(common.opts.level), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT,
+      { .i64 = AV_LEVEL_UNKNOWN }, AV_LEVEL_UNKNOWN, 0xff, FLAGS, .unit = "level" },
+
+#define LEVEL(name, value) name, NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, \
+      { .i64 = value }, 0, 0, FLAGS, .unit = "level"
+    { LEVEL("1",   10) },
+    { LEVEL("1.1", 11) },
+    { LEVEL("1.2", 12) },
+    { LEVEL("1.3", 13) },
+    { LEVEL("2",   20) },
+    { LEVEL("2.1", 21) },
+    { LEVEL("2.2", 22) },
+    { LEVEL("3",   30) },
+    { LEVEL("3.1", 31) },
+    { LEVEL("3.2", 32) },
+    { LEVEL("4",   40) },
+    { LEVEL("4.1", 41) },
+    { LEVEL("4.2", 42) },
+    { LEVEL("5",   50) },
+    { LEVEL("5.1", 51) },
+    { LEVEL("5.2", 52) },
+    { LEVEL("6",   60) },
+    { LEVEL("6.1", 61) },
+    { LEVEL("6.2", 62) },
+#undef LEVEL
+
+    { "coder", "Entropy coder type", OFFSET(unit_opts.cabac), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = 1 }, 0, 1, FLAGS, "coder" },
+        { "cabac", NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = 1 }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "coder" },
+        { "vlc",   NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = 0 }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "coder" },
+
+    { "units", "Set units to include", OFFSET(unit_elems), AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAGS, { .i64 = UNIT_AUD | UNIT_SEI_IDENTIFIER | UNIT_SEI_RECOVERY | UNIT_SEI_TIMING | UNIT_SEI_A53_CC }, 0, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+        { "aud",        "Include AUD units", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = UNIT_AUD }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+        { "identifier", "Include encoder version identifier", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = UNIT_SEI_IDENTIFIER }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+        { "timing",     "Include timing parameters (buffering_period and pic_timing)", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = UNIT_SEI_TIMING }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+        { "recovery",   "Include recovery points where appropriate", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = UNIT_SEI_RECOVERY }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+        { "a53_cc",     "Include A/53 caption data", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = UNIT_SEI_A53_CC }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+
+    { NULL },
+};
+
+static const FFCodecDefault vulkan_encode_h264_defaults[] = {
+    { "b",              "0"   },
+    { "bf",             "2"   },
+    { "g",              "300" },
+    { "i_qfactor",      "1"   },
+    { "i_qoffset",      "0"   },
+    { "b_qfactor",      "1"   },
+    { "b_qoffset",      "0"   },
+    { "qmin",           "-1"  },
+    { "qmax",           "-1"  },
+    { NULL },
+};
+
+static const AVClass vulkan_encode_h264_class = {
+    .class_name = "h264_vulkan",
+    .item_name  = av_default_item_name,
+    .option     = vulkan_encode_h264_options,
+    .version    = LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_INT,
+};
+
+const FFCodec ff_h264_vulkan_encoder = {
+    .p.name         = "h264_vulkan",
+    CODEC_LONG_NAME("H.264/AVC (Vulkan)"),
+    .p.type         = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO,
+    .p.id           = AV_CODEC_ID_H264,
+    .priv_data_size = sizeof(VulkanEncodeH264Context),
+    .init           = &vulkan_encode_h264_init,
+    FF_CODEC_RECEIVE_PACKET_CB(&ff_vulkan_encode_receive_packet),
+    .close          = &vulkan_encode_h264_close,
+    .p.priv_class   = &vulkan_encode_h264_class,
+    .p.capabilities = AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_HARDWARE |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_DR1 |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_ENCODER_FLUSH |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_ENCODER_REORDERED_OPAQUE,
+    .caps_internal  = FF_CODEC_CAP_INIT_CLEANUP,
+    .defaults       = vulkan_encode_h264_defaults,
+    .p.pix_fmts = (const enum AVPixelFormat[]) {
+        AV_PIX_FMT_VULKAN,
+        AV_PIX_FMT_NONE,
+    },
+    .hw_configs     = ff_vulkan_encode_hw_configs,
+    .p.wrapper_name = "vulkan",
+};
